Fig. 2
![Fig. 2](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12951-024-02465-w/MediaObjects/12951_2024_2465_Fig2_HTML.png)
Characterization of BiNS/PEI. TEM images of BiNS (A) and BiNS/PEI (B). Scale bars were 100 nm. Size (C) and Zeta potential (D) of BiNS and BiNS/PEI. E Temperature change of BiNS/PEI with different concentrations under NIR (808 nm, 1 W/cm2) irradiation. F Temperature increases of 100 μg/mL BiNS/PEI under NIR (808 nm) laser irradiation with the power of 0.1, 1, 1.5 W/cm2. G Temperature circulation curves of 100 μg/mL BiNS/PEI under NIR (808 nm, 1 W/cm2) irradiation. 1O2 (H) and O2− (I) generation of BiNS/PEI characterized by ESR spectra under 0.1 W/cm2 660 nm laser irradiation (J) UV–vis absorption spectra of DPBF in 100 μg/mL BiNS/PEI suspension under 0.1 W/cm2 660 nm laser irradiation for different times