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Table 1 Young' s modulus for vegetative cells and spores of bacteria

From: Development of method for evaluating cell hardness and correlation between bacterial spore hardness and durability

Bacterial strains

Vegetative cells

Spores

S. aureus

0.211 ± 0.023

E. coli

0.165 ± 0.033

P. aeruginosa

0.199 ± 0.023

G. stearothermophilus

0.222 ± 0.041

0.811 ± 0.048

B. coagulans

0.204 ± 0.028

0.682 ± 0.039

B. subtilis

0.215 ± 0.018

0.414 ± 0.021

B. licheniformis

0.233 ± 0.034

0.329 ± 0.012

B. megaterium

0.196 ± 0.022

0.240 ± 0.059

  1. Number of measurement samples = 10.
  2. Young’s modulus, E (N/m) = Physical stress of cell, σ (nN)/Applied strain of cell, ϵ (nm), where ϵ = 50 nm.