Table 1 Effects of carbon nanomaterials on plants
Nanoparticle | Size (nm) | Plant | Concentration | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C60 Fullerenes | 1450-1900 | Corn | 500 mg kg−1 | Reduced biomass | Torre-Roche et al. [36] |
| Â | Â | Soybean | Â | Reduced biomass | Torre-Roche et al. [36] |
Fullerol [C60 (OH)20] | 1.5 ± 0.2-5.00 ± 0.7 | Bitter melon | 0.943, 4.72, 9.43, 10.88 and 47.20 nM | Increased biomass yield, water content, fruit length, fruit number, and fruit fresh weight, increased two anticancerous phytomedicines, cucurbitacin-B and lycopene, and two antidiabetic phytomedicines, charantin and insulin | Kolle et al. [37] |
Functionalized carbon nanotube | 8 | Lettuce | 104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 | Reduced root length at longer exposure | Cañas et al. [34] |
Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube | 8 | Cabbage, carrot, lettuce, onion, tomato | 9, 56, 315, 1750 mg L−1 | No effect | Cañas et al. [34] |
Multiwalled carbon nanotube |  | Zucchini | 1000 mg L−1 | Reduced biomass | Stampoulis et al. [38] |
|  |  | Lettuce | 2000 mg L−1 | Reduced root length | Lin and Xing [39] |
|  | Diameter range: 10-30 | Rice | 20, 40, 80 mg L−1 | Chromatin condensed inside the cytoplasm and caused cell death, plasma membrane detachment from cell wall and cell shrinkage | Tan and Lin [40] |
|  |  | Tomato | 10-40 mg L−1 | Significant increase in germination rate, fresh biomass, and length of stem significantly enhanced moisture content inside tomato seeds | Khodakovskaya et al. [41] |
|  |  | Corn, cucumber, radish, rapeseed, ryegrass, lettuce | 2000 mg L−1 | No effect on germination | Lin and Xing [39] |
|  |  | Ryegrass | 2000 mg L−1 | Increased root length | Lin and Xing [39] |
| Â | Â | Zucchini | Â | No effect on the germination | Stampoulis et al. [38] |
|  | Internal dimension: 110-170 | Wheat | 100 mg L−1 | No significant effect on root or shoot growth | Wild and Jones [42] |
|  | 10-25 | Tomato | 50-200 μg L−1 | Significant increase in plant height, flower and fruit formation | Khodakovskaya et al. [43] |
Single-walled carbon nanotube | 1.19 (major), 18, 722 | Rice | 400 mg L−1 | Delayed flowering, decreased yield | Lin et al. [44] |
|  | 8 | Tomato | 104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 | Most sensitive in root reduction | Cañas et al. [34] |
|  | 8 | Cucumber onion, | 104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 | Increased root length | Cañas et al. [34] |
|  | 8 | Cabbage, carrot, lettuce | 104, 315, 1750 mg L−1 | No effect | Cañas et al. [34] |