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Table 2 Model input and output with force applied on cuticle of non-easy bleeders (A) and easy bleeders (B)

From: Surface structure, model and mechanism of an insect integument adapted to be damaged easily

A

        
 

M1/1

M1/2

M1/10

Hc

Pl

Pt

Sm

Ts

W1

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

110

H1

20

20

20

7

5

8

8

11

H2

10

10

10

6

5

3

5

5

E1

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

500

E2

500

1000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

5000

F 1z

        

Max

0.206

0.170

1.001

2.910

4.520

2.651

2.906

2.201

Min

-0.835

-1.003

-1.604

-4.167

-6.240

-6.482

-4.633

-3.772

F 1x

        

Max

1.553

1.614

1.794

2.545

2.956

3.337

2.714

2.569

Min

-0.363

-0.383

-0.447

-0.717

-0.860

-0.864

-0.764

-0.710

B

        
 

M2

Ar

Mm

Pa

Rb

Rn

  

W1

110

70

33.5

60

50

60

  

H1

15

8

8

15

10

15

  

H3

15

8

14

23

10

10

  

D1

28

23

9

20

15

20

  

D2

20

11

1

2

10

10

  

S1

20

5

6

8

8

8

  

P

1

3.306

80

100

4

4

  

N μstr

1

1

5

1

1

1

  

F 1z

        

Max

0.665

1.696

0.623

4.291

1.430

0.770

  

Min

-0.793

-2.560

-0.972

-7.286

-1.412

-2.134

  

F 1x

        

Max

4.788

7.554

35.820

174.600

12.840

7.632

  

Min

-1.476

-2.241

-1.782

-9.267

-3.805

-2.317

  
  1. Model of non-easy bleeders was based on parameter values measured on LM and SEM views from H. crocea and N. pavidus together (M1/1, M1/2, M1/10), and from H. crocea (Hc), P. luridiventris (Pl), P. testacea (Pt), S. multifasciata (Sm) and T. scrophulariae (Ts). Different relative values of Young's modulus for procuticle (E1) and epicuticle (E2) were used in M1/1, M1/2, and M1/10.
  2. Model of easy bleeders was based on parameter values measured on LM and SEM views from P. aterrima and R. micans together (M2), and from A. rosae (Ar), M. monticola (Mm), P. aterrima (Pa), R. bensoni (Rb) and R. nodicornis (Rn). Parameter values, in μm, introduced in the model: width of the model sample (W1), height of procuticle layer (H1), height of epicuticle layer (H2), height of microstructure (H3), diameter at base of microstructure (D1), diameter at top of microstructure (D2), shortest distance between microstructures (S1). Number of microstructures set under pressure (N μstr). Pressure applied per microstructure (P).
  3. Stress values, obtained with a normal force (F 1z) or shear force (F 1x), are given as extreme values in traction (Max) and compression (Min).