Fig. 3

S2VP10L cells following 3 h treatment at ×400 magnification. All images were taken with the same exposure times. Top row a–c was taken with the Texas Red filter. Bottom row d–f was taken with Texas Red, DAPI, and FITC filters. a Untreated control cells show minimal red autofluorescence. b Cells were treated with non-targeted liposomes display faint red signal, corresponding to minimal dye uptake. c Cells were treated with Sdc1 liposomes and a much stronger red fluorescence, indicating uptake of PI and binding of PI to DNA is observed. d Control cells with DAPI. e Cells treated with non-targeted liposomes. Green signal is due to unbound PI, showing dye accumulation outside of the cell. f Cells treated with Sdc1 liposomes. Yellow signal occurs due to co-localization of red and green fluorescence, indicating that dye was located both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. White signal is colocalization of red, green, and DAPI signal