Table 1 Prospective amount (per annum) of Gold nanoparticles in selected medical applications (high release scenario)
Application | Consumption | Waste compartment | |
|---|---|---|---|
UK | US | ||
Lab based lateral flow assay to detect the presence of Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in blood | 0.34 | 6 | Hazardous Medical/Clinical/Infectious Waste (HMCIW) |
In vitro lab based diagnostic test kit for detection and genotyping warfarin metabolism | 0.36 | 3 | HMCIW |
In vitro lab based diagnostic test kit for detection of single nucleotide polymorphism to detect risk from venous thrombosis | 1 | 3 | HMCIW |
OTC pregnancy and ovulation test kits to detect hormones in urine | 3–100 | 20–460 | Municipal solid waste |
Lab based in vitro rapid test kits for qualitative detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in human serum, plasma and blood | 2–80 | 20–830 | HMCIW |
Home based in vitro HIV test kits | 20 | 90 | Municipal solid waste |
Lab based in vitro tests for detection of CD4 cells and viral loads for HIV patients | 60 | 540 | HMCIW |
Lab based diagnostic test kits for infectious diseases | 70 | 350 | HMCIW |
Removal of Staphylococcus aureus from the nasal passage of patients to reduce risks of nosocomial infections | 30–53,300 | 110–164,640 | HMCIW |
Treatment of periodontitis | 270–106,560 | 940–365,160 | Waste water |
Sensors for diagnosing diseases from breath samples | 0.01–1590 | 0.03–4620 | HMCIW |
Treatment for solid tumors (colorectal, pancreas, breast) | 70 -(480) -1100 | 310-(2020)–4600 | Waste water |
Last line treatment for patients with solid tumors (colorectal, pancreatic and breast) | 420 | 1500 | Waste water |
Treatment for patients diagnosed with head and neck and lung cancer | 140,290–233,820 | 744,750–1,241,260 | Waste water |
Last line treatment for patients with head and neck and lung cancer | 104,710–174,520 | 468,250–780,410 | Waste water |
Transbuccal insulin delivery platforms | 128,250 | 841,620 | Waste water |