Fig. 4

EMA-qPCR analysis of C. jejuni membrane permeability. C. jejuni cells exposed to 0, 1 or 2 mg/ml of nanoparticles were measured for the inhibition of DNA amplification caused by the penetrated EMA. The inhibition of DNA amplification was monitored by qPCR of the hipO gene. In the presence of EMA, reduced DNA amplification indicates increased membrane permeability in the cells