From: Nanoparticles based on essential metals and their phytotoxicity
Plant | Type of nanoparticle, particle size (nm) | Particle concentration | Comment | Observed effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cucumis sativus | CuNPs 40 nm | 10, 20 mg L−1 | Analysis of plants and root exudates | Decrease in root length, reduction of root biomass, bioaccumulation mainly in roots, a little in stems | [104] |
Lactuca sativa | CuO NPs 5–15 nm | 0.02, 0.04, 0.4, 4, 8 mg L−1 | 5-day seed germination test | Reduction of seed germination and root elongation | [58] |
Lactuca sativa | Core–shell NPs Cu/CuO 13/9 nm | 10, 20 mg L−1 | 15-days treatment of hydroponically grown lettuce | Reduction of water content, root length, and dry biomass of the plant, alteration of the nutritional quality of lettuce | [71] |
Raphanus sativus, Lolium perenne, Lolium rigidum | CuO NPs 6 nm, CuO bulk particles 200 nm | 10, 100, 500, 1000 mg L−1 | The seeds were allowed to germinate for 6 days | Oxidative damage to plant DNA, inhibition of seedling growth (root and shoot growth) | [105] |
Elsholtzia splendens | CuO NPs 34–52 nm, CuO bulk particles ˃1000 nm | 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 mg L−1 | Cu—tolerant plant, the seeds were allowed to germinate for 5 days, hydroponic experiments | No effect on seed germination, reduction of root length, accumulation of CuO NPs in root and leaf cells | [113] |
Zea mays, Oryza sativa | CuO NPs 40–80 nm | 500, 1000, 2000 mg L−1 | Seed germination was investigated | CuO NPs inhibited root elongation at 2000 mg L−1 (95.73% for maize and 97.28% for rice) of two crop plants and reduced shoot length of maize by 30.98% | [91] |