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Table 6 Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles based on Cu/CuO

From: Nanoparticles based on essential metals and their phytotoxicity

Plant

Type of nanoparticle, particle size (nm)

Particle concentration

Comment

Observed effect

References

Cucumis sativus

CuNPs 40 nm

10, 20 mg L−1

Analysis of plants and root exudates

Decrease in root length, reduction of root biomass, bioaccumulation mainly in roots, a little in stems

[104]

Lactuca sativa

CuO NPs 5–15 nm

0.02, 0.04, 0.4, 4, 8 mg L−1

5-day seed germination test

Reduction of seed germination and root elongation

[58]

Lactuca sativa

Core–shell NPs Cu/CuO 13/9 nm

10, 20 mg L−1

15-days treatment of hydroponically grown lettuce

Reduction of water content, root length, and dry biomass of the plant, alteration of the nutritional quality of lettuce

[71]

Raphanus sativus, Lolium perenne, Lolium rigidum

CuO NPs 6 nm, CuO bulk particles 200 nm

10, 100, 500, 1000 mg L−1

The seeds were allowed to germinate for 6 days

Oxidative damage to plant DNA, inhibition of seedling growth (root and shoot growth)

[105]

Elsholtzia splendens

CuO NPs 34–52 nm, CuO bulk particles ˃1000 nm

100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 mg L−1

Cu—tolerant plant, the seeds were allowed to germinate for 5 days, hydroponic experiments

No effect on seed germination, reduction of root length, accumulation of CuO NPs in root and leaf cells

[113]

Zea mays, Oryza sativa

CuO NPs 40–80 nm

500, 1000, 2000 mg L−1

Seed germination was investigated

CuO NPs inhibited root elongation at 2000 mg L−1 (95.73% for maize and 97.28% for rice) of two crop plants and reduced shoot length of maize by 30.98%

[91]