Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity

Slavin, Yael N.; Asnis, Jason; Häfeli, Urs O.; Bach, Horacio

doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0308-z

Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Table 1 Physical characteristics and antibacterial activities of the literature used in this review

From: Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity

NP type	Size (nm)	Shape	Strain	Exposure time	Activity	Remarks/purpose	References
Ag
	17.5	NR	P. aeruginosa ATCC 27317	4 h	G = 3.7 fold reduction	Citrate-capped	[7]
	38.8	NR	S. aureus ATCC 25923	4 h	G = 0.685 fold reduction	11-Mercaptoundecanoic-capped
	20–25	Spherical	A. baumanii BAA-747, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	24 h	MIC = 0.4 µg/mL		[22]
			B. subtilis ATCC 6333		MIC = 1.7 µg/mL
			E. coli ATCC 25922, MRSA ATCC 700698, M. smegmatis ATCC 700084		MIC = 0.5 µg/mL
			M. bovis BCG ATCC 35374		MIC = 1.1 µg/mL
			S. aureus ATCC 25923		MIC = 0.7 µg/mL
	9–21	NR	Nitrifying bacteria	NR	EC₅₀ = 0.14 µg/mL	Inhibition of nitrification	[29]
	9	Spherical	E. coli	24 h	IC₅₀ = 6.4 µg Ag⁺/mL	Citrate-capped	[30]
	19	Spherical	E. coli	24 h	IC₅₀ = 15.7 µg Ag⁺/mL	Citrate-capped
	43	Spherical	E. coli	24 h	IC₅₀ = 40.9 µg Ag⁺/mL	Citrate-capped
	18	Spherical	E. coli	24 h	IC₅₀ = 5.5 µg Ag⁺/mL	PVP-capped
	23	Spherical	E. coli	24 h	IC₅₀ = 2.2 µg Ag⁺/mL	BPEI-capped
	9.5	Spherical	S. mutants	24 h	MIC = 4 µg/mL		[31]
	26				MIC = 8 µg/mL
	79				MIC = 4 µg/mL
	18	Spherical	E. coli	8 h	MIC = 50 µg/mL		[32]
	80				MIC = 200 µg/mL
	10	Spherical	Gram-positive strains and Bacillus	5 d	MIC = 600 µg/L	Citrate-capped	[33]
	12				MIC = 10 µg/L	PVP-capped
	10				MIC = 3 µg/L	BPEI-capped
	39	Spherical	E. coli ATCC 10536	8 h	MIC = 50 µg/mL		[39]
	40	Triangular			MIC = 2.5 µg/mL
	5–10	Spherical	E. coli MTCC 405	24 h	Z = 13 mm		[45]
			S. aureus MTCC 3160		Z = 10 mm
	5–40	Spherical	A. punctate (lab isolate)	24 h	Z = 0 mm (at 50 µg/disc)		[46]
			E. coli ATCC 13534, E. coli ATCC 25922		Z = small (at 50 µg/disc)
			M. luteus (clinical isolate)		Z = small (at 50 µg/disc)
	142	NR	E. coli K12 MG 1655	1 h	100 µg/mL	Adaptive stress response	[48]
	13.5	Spherical	E. coli O157:H8, S. aureus ATCC 19636	24 h	MIC = > 3.3 nM		[50]
	5–15	Spherical	L. monocytogenes ISP 6508	24 h	99.9% killing at 5 wt%	Polyethylene modified	[52]
	9.2	Spherical	E. coli K12 MG 1655	16 h	MIC = 2 nM	Oxidized particles	[54]
	35	Amorphous	A. vinelandii ATCC 13705	2 days	MIC = 12 µg/mL	Carbon coated	[56]
			N. europaea ATCC 19718	7 days	MIC = 0.5 µg/mL
			P. stutzeri ATCC 17588	1 days	MIC = 4 µg/mL
	22.5	Spherical	E. coli (clinical isolate)	24 h	Z = 9–37 mm	NPs supplemented with antibiotics	[67]
			S. aureus (clinical isolate)		Z = 9–36 mm
	7.1	Spherical	E. coli MTCC 062	18 h	MIC = 3.6 µg/mL		[69]
			P. aeruginosa MTCC 424		MIC = 2.7 µg/mL
	142	Spherical	E. coli K12 MG 1655	10 min	140 µg/mL	Transcriptome analysis	[70]
	35.4	Spherical	E. coli K12 ATCC 25404	6 h	97.7% killing at 0.32 µg/mL	Anaerobically produced	[83]
		Irregular			99.8% killing at 0.32 µg/mL	Aerobically produced
	30 nm		E. coli	1 d	100 µg/mL	Protein-binding silver studies	[85]
	60		E. coli K12 MG 1655	2 h	1, 10, 50 µg/mL	Gene expression studies	[87]
	20–30	Spherical	P. ssp FPC 951		200 µg/mL	Stress response studies	[88]
Bio-Ag	2–10	NR	K. pneumonia ATCC 700603	24 h	Z = 2 mm at 100 µg/mL	Synthesized from Actinobacteria CGG 11n supernatant	[65]
			P. mirabilis (collection), S. infantis (collection)		Z = 0 mm at 100 µg/mL
			P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145		Z = 10 mm at 100 µg/mL
			S. aureus ATCC 6338		Z = 8 mm at 100 µg/mL
Ag/CeO₂		Rod	E. coli ATCC 8099	2 h	G = ~ threefold reduction (100 µg/mL)	Used 1% wt%	[38]
		Cube			G = fourfold reduction (100 µg/mL)
		Particles			G = ~ 3.5 fold reduction (100 µg/mL)
		Rod			G = threefold reduction (100 µg/mL)	Used 2% wt%
		Cube			G = ~ fourfold reduction (100 µg/mL)
		Particles			G = ~ fourfold reduction (100 µg/mL)
Al₂O₃	11	Spherical	E. coli MG 1655	24 h	MIC = 106 µg/mL		[13]
Au	8.4	Spherical	A. baumannii, E. coli J96, E. coli O157:H7, MRSA, P. aeruginosa, PDRAB, S. aureus	9 h	MIC = 8 µg/mL	Coupled to vancomycin	[66]
			E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. faecalis VRE1		MIC = 16 µg/mL
			E. faecium VRE4		MIC = 32 µg/mL
	50, 100		S. oneidensis MR-1			COOH⁻, quaternary amine NMe ⁺₃ ), and methyl-conjugated (CH₃–) NP attachment study	[71]
CeO₂	6	Square	B. subtilis ATCC 6333 E. coli ATCC 700926	24 h	Z = ~ 3.3 mm Z = ~ 0.2 mm		[16]
	15	Circular, ovoid	B. subtilis ATCC 6333 E. coli ATCC 700926	24 h	Z = ~ 0.3 mm Z = ~ 3.3 mm
	22	Ovoid, rectangular, triangular	B. subtilis ATCC 6333 E. coli ATCC 700926	24 h	Z = ~ 2.2 mm Z = ~ 1.8 mm
	40	Heterogeneous	B. subtilis ATCC 6333 E. coli ATCC 700926	24 h	Z = ~ 3 mm Z = ~ 1.0 mm
	7	Ellipsoidal	E. coli RR1	3 h	MIC = 500 µg/mL		[36]
	2–4	Spherical	L. monocytogenes ISP 6508	24 h	99.9% killing at 5 wt%	Polyethylene modified	[52]
	7	NR	E. coli RR1	3 h	MIC = 500 µg/mL		[36]
Cu₂O	40	Heterogeneous	E. coli	18 h	MBC = 0.1 mM	Tryptophan-capped	[79]
CuO	22.4–94.8	Equi-axes	S. aureus EMRSA-16, S. aureus (MRSA) 252	4 h	MBC = 1000 µg/mL		[49]
			S. aureus EMRSA-15, E. coli NCTC 9001		MBC = 250 µg/mL
			S. aureus NCTC 6571		MBC = 100 µg/mL
			S. aureus ‘Golden’ (lab isolate), S. epidermidis SE-4 and SE-51		MBC = 2500 µg/mL
			P. aeruginosa PAOI, Proteus spp. (lab isolate)		MBC = 5000 µg/mL
	30	Heterogeneous	E. coli	18 h	MBC = 0.25 mM	Tryptophan-capped	[79]
MgO	4	Square, polyhedral	E. coli C3000, B. megaterium ATCC 14581	1 h	NG at 250 mg	Agar overlay with aerogel	[41]
			B. subtilis ATCC 6333		48% killed
	20	Amorphous	E. coli XL-1 blue			Metabolic pathway regulation study	[68]
Mg(OH)₂- MgCl₂	12.9	Flake	E. coli	NR	88% killed at 100 µg/mL	Co-precipitated with MgCl₂	[43]
Mg(OH)₂- MgSO₄	21.4	Sheet			60% killed at 300 µg/mL	Co-precipitated with MgSO₄
Mg(OH)₂- MgO	44.8	Plate			53% killed at 500 µg/mL	Co-precipitated with MgO
TiO₂	12	Spherical	E. coli MG 1655	24 h	MIC = 100 µg/mL		[13]
	17	Spherical	E. coli MG 1655	24 h	MIC = 100 µg/mL
	21	Spherical	E. coli MG 1655	24 h	MIC = 100 µg/mL
	25	Spherical	E. coli MG 1655	24 h	MIC = 100 µg/mL
	< 100	Elongated	E. coli MG 1655	24 h	MIC = 100 µg/mL
	250–300	Elongated	A. baumanii BAA-747, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	24 h	MIC = 20 µg/mL
			B. subtilis ATCC 6333, MRSA ATCC 700698, S. aureus ATCC 25923		MIC = 54 µg/mL
			E. coli ATCC 25922		MIC = 59 µg/mL
			M. bovis BCG ATCC 35374		MIC = 11 µg/mL
			M. smegmatis ATCC 700084		MIC = 5 µg/mL
	23	NR	E. coli MG 1655	5 h	MIC = 10 µg/mL	Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses	[34]
	10	NR	E. coli		LC₅₀ = 14.2 µg/mL	Sulfur-coated	[82]
	3.8				LC₅₀ = > 1000 µg/mL	Nitrogen-fluorine co-doped
	NR				LC₅₀ = 2.2 µg/mL	Commercial P25 (Degussa)
	NR				LC₅₀ = 2.6 µg/mL	Commercial Sigma
	10		E. coli K12 MG 1655	2 h	1, 10, 50 µg/mL	Gene expression studies	[87]
ZnO	12	Spherical	E. coli	24 h	Z = 31 mm	Thiol-capped	[12]
	19	Sphere-like	E. coli	3 h	MIC = 50 µg/mL		[84]

G, growth; LC₅₀, lethal concentration; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration; MIC, minimal inhibitory concentration; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; NG, no growth; NR, not reported; PDRAB, pandrug-resistant A. baumannii; Z, zone of inhibition

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