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Table 1 Pathogen-associated molecular patters (PAMPs) recognized by specific TLRs

From: Liposomal vaccine formulations as prophylactic agents: design considerations for modern vaccines

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)

Microorganism or classification

TLRs

Lipoproteins

Bacteria

TLR 1

Peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

Gram positive bacteria

TLR 2

β-glucans

Fungi

dsRNA

Double-stranded and negative-stranded viruses

TLR 3

Lipopolysacharide (LPS)

Gram negative bacteria

TLR 4

Flagelin

Bacteria

TLR 5

Profilin

Toxoplasma gondii

Lipoproteins

Mycoplasma

TLR 6

Imidazoquinolines and ssRNA

Single-stranded viruses

TLR 7 and 8

Unmethylated CpG DNA motifs

Prokaryotic genomes and viral DNA

TLR 9

  1. ds double stranded, ss single stranded