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Table 2 Characterization of in vivo toxicity according to changes in mRNA expression (transcriptomics), proteome (proteomics), and metabolome (metabolomics) with categories

From: Role of omics techniques in the toxicity testing of nanoparticles

P

Size

Sp

Appl

Exp

Regulated pathway(s)

St

Im

De

Pr

Mo

Me

Ve

Si

O

References

A. Transcriptomics

 Ag

20

Rat

Inhal

381 µg/m3; 12 weeks

Kidney: cell cycle, xenobiotic metabolism, extracellular signaling

   

X

    

X

[154]

 Au

4, 100

Mouse

Iv

426 mg/kg; 30 min

Liver: apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, metabolic process

 

X

X

X

 

X

   

[155]

 CNT

4 × 67, 0.8 × 11, 3.8 × 49, 5.7 × 49

Mouse

It, oroph, inhal,

Meta-analysis

Lung: inflammation resembling different disease pattern

 

X

       

[51]

 Cu

25

Rat

Oral

50–200 µg/kg; 5 days

Kidney: coagulation, cell signaling, amino acid metabolism

     

X

  

X

[84]

 C60, NiO

60, 59

Rat

Inhal

0.12 mg/m3; 3 days–4 weeks

Lung: C60: immune process; NiO: ox. stress, inflammation

X

X

       

[156]

 SiO2 (Cd-doped)

20

Rat

It

1 mg/animal; 7–30 days

Lung: circadian rhythm, inflammation, cell cycle

 

X

 

X

    

X

[157]

 TiO2

5–6

Mouse

Ig

10 mg/kg; 90 days

Ovary: estradiol, progesterone metabolism

        

X

[88]

 TiO2

5–6

Mouse

Ig

10 mg/kg; 90 days

Liver: inflammation, apoptosis, ox. stress, metabolic process, cell cycle, signal transduction, cytoskeleton, cell differentiation

X

X

X

X

X

X

 

X

 

[87]

 TiO2

5–6

Mouse

Oral

2.5–10 µg/kg; 90 days

Spleen: inflammation, apoptosis, ox. stress, metabolic processes, ion transport, signal transduction, cell proliferation/division, cytoskeleton

 

X

X

 

X

X

 

X

X

[89]

 TiO2

8, 20, 300

Mouse

It

18–486 µg/animal; 1–90 days

Lung: inflammation, all same pattern

 

X

       

[85]

 TiO2

10, 20.6, 38

Mouse

It

18–486 µg/animal; 1–28 days

Lung: inflammation

 

X

       

[158]

 TiO2

10.5, 10, 20.6

Mouse

It, oroph, inhal,

Meta-analysis

Lung: inflammation resembling different disease pattern

 

X

       

[51]

 TiO2

20.6

Mouse

Inhal

42 mg/m3; 1–22 days pn

Liver of offspring: females retinoid pathway

        

X

[90]

 TiO2

20.6

Mouse

It

162 µg/animal; 1–22 days

Lung: inflammation

 

X

       

[86]

B. Proteomics

 TiO2

< 25

Mouse

Ip

100 µg/animal; 7 days

Lung: ox. stress

X

        

[159]

 TiO2

< 25

Mouse

Ip

100 µg/animal; 7 days

Liver: inflammation, apoptosis, ox. stress

X

X

X

      

[160]

 TiO2

< 25

Mouse

Ip

100 µg/animal; 7 days

Brain: ox. stress

X

        

[161]

 TiO2

< 25

Mouse

Ip

100 µg/animal; 7 days

Kidney: ox. stress, signal transduction

X

      

X

 

[162]

 TiO2

25

Mouse

Id

5 µg/animal; 24 h

Lymph node: inflammation, lipid metabolism, mRNA processing, nucleosome assembly

 

X

      

X

[163]

 ZnO

35

Rat

Inhal

12.1 mg/m3; 24 h

Lung: S100A8, S100A9, inflammation

 

X

       

[164]

C. Metabolomics

 MnO

10

Rat

Iv

10 mg/kg; 6–48 h

Plasma, urine, tissues: lipid, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism

     

X

   

[165]

 PS, lipid polymeric

50, 40, 143, 160, 165

Mouse

It

200, 500 µg/animal; 24 h

BAL: inflammation (all, hydrophobic > less hydrophobic)

 

X

       

[91]

 ZnO

35, 250

Rat

Inhal

1–5 mg/kg; 24 h

BAL, lung: cell anti-oxidation, energy metabolism, DNA damage and membrane stability

X

    

X

  

X

[166]

  1. Application (Appl) and Exposure (Exp) with dose and duration of treatment with nanoparticles is given. If a range is indicated, several concentrations or time points have been evaluated