Table 2 Graphene-based DNA biosensors with electrochemical detection
From: Recent advances in graphene-based biosensor technology with applications in life sciences
Detected element | Sensing material | Detection range | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
dsDNA ssDNA | Graphene nanosheets Graphene nanowalls | 2.0Â pM to less than 10Â mM 0.1Â fM to 10Â mM | [66] |
dsDNA | Epitaxial graphene | 1 µM | [68] |
BRCA1 DNA | Graphene/Au | 1 fM | [69] |
Staphylococcus aureus nuc gene sequence | CTS–Co3O4–GR/CILE (Chitosan–Co3O4–graphene–carbon ionic liquid electrode) | 1.0 × 10−12 to 1.0 × 10−6 M with the detection limit as 4.3 × 10−13 M | [70] |
dsDNA | Thionine–graphene nanocomposite (Thi–G) | 1.0 × 10−12 to 1.0 × 10−7 M and low detection limit at 1.26 × 10−13 M | [71] |
Survivin gene | Graphene–nanostructure gold nanocomposite film glassy carbon electrode (G-3D Au/GCE) | 50–5000 fM detection limit at 3.4 fM | [72] |
dsDNA | [Co(phen)2(Cl)(H2O)]+ AuNPs/GR (gold–graphene) modified electrode | 2.50 × 10−11 to 1.25 × 10−9 M Detection limit at 8.33 × 10−12 M | [73] |
ssDNA | Graphene analogue tungsten sulfide–graphene (WS2–Gr) composite | 0.0–500 pM Detection limit at 0.0023 pM | [74] |
Multidrug resistance (MDR) DNA | Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets functionalized with Au nanoparticles (N–G/Au) | Detection limit 3.12 × 10−15 M | [75] |
ssDNA | Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles | 1.0 × 10−14 to 1.0 × 10−6 M Detection limit 3.63 × 10−15 M | [76] |
ssDNA of HIV-1 gene | Graphene–Nafion composite film | Detection limit 2.3 × 10−14 M | [77] |
DNA | AuNCs/GR nanobybrids and exonuclease III (Exo III) aided cascade target | 0.02 fM to 20Â pM Detection limit at 0.057 fM | [78]23 |
ssDNA | Graphene and polyaniline nanowires (PANIws) modified glassy carbon electrode | 2.12 × 10−6 to 2.12 × 10−12 M Detection 3.25 × 10−13 M | [79] |
dsDNA, ssDNA and single nucleotide polymorphism | Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) with graphene core | 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−12 M Detection limit 1 pM | [80] |
ssDNA | Electroactive dye azophloxine functionalized graphene nanosheets (AP–GNs) | 1.0 × 10−15 to 1.0 × 10−11 M Detection limit at 4.0 × 10−16 M | [81] |
ssDNA | Gold nanorods decorated GO sheets (Au NRs–GO) | 1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−14 M Detection limit at 3.5 × 10−15 M | [82] |
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | GO/pencil graphite electrode (GO/PGE) | 20 to 160 µg/mL Detection limit 2.02 µM | [83] |
DNA | GO–Chitosan (CHI) nano-composite | 10 fM to 50 nM Detection limit 10 fM (60 s hybridization times) and 100 fM at 25 °C | [84] |
ssDNA | ssDNA-Fe@AuNPs-AETGO | 1.0 × 10−14 to 1.0 × 10−8 M Detection limit 2.0 × 10−15 M | [85] |
ssDNA | rGO-graphene double-layer electrode | 10−7 to 10−12 M Detection limit 1.58 × 10−13 M | [86] |
MDR1 gene | Au nanoparticles/toluidine blue–graphene oxide (Au NPs/TB–GO) | 1.0 × 10−11 to 1.0 × 10−9 M Detection limit 2.95 × 10−12 M | [87] |
DNA | AuNPs/ERGNO/GCE | 2.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−6 M Detection limit at 1.0 × 10−6 M | [88] |
ssDNA | ssDNA–AuNPs–ERGO | 1 × 10−17 M to 1 × 10−13 M Detection limit 5 aM | [67] |
ssDNA | Gold nanoparticles decorated rGO (Au NPs/rGO) | 0.1 µM to 0.1 fM Detection limit at 35 aM | [89] |
Listeria monocytogenes | Au/GR/CILE | 1.0 × 10−12 to 1.0 × 10−6 M Detection limit 2.9 × 10−13 M | [90] |
Amelogenin gene (AMEL) | rGO modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/RGO) | 1.0 × 10−20 to 1.0 × 10−14 M Detection limit 3.2 × 10−21 M | [25] |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) DNA | rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode | 10−13 M | [91] |
ssDNA | Thionine functionalized rGO (Thi–rGO) | 1.0 × 10−17 to 1.0 × 10−12 M Detection limit 4.28 × 10−19 M | [92] |