Fig. 9

The effects of four surfaces on macrophage polarization in vitro. a The scatter plot of flow cytometry detection of M1 and M2 macrophage surface markers CD11c and CD206 on four surfaces; b the percentage of CD11c⁺ macrophages (M1) and CD206⁺ macrophages (M2) determined by flow cytometry on four surfaces; c cytokine release of M1 macrophage markers (IL-6) and M2 macrophage markers (IL-10) of macrophages on four surfaces. Results are presented as mean ± SD, *p < 0.05 when compared with the cp-Ti group; ^#p < 0.05 when compared with the Ti-SLA group; (⁺p < 0.05 when compared with the Ti-NW group