Fig. 3

CardAP-EVs diminish PHA and anti-CD3 induced T cell proliferation in PBMC cultures. 3x10⁵ CFSE-labelled PBMCs were stimulated with PHA or anti-CD3, treated with either unstimulated (EVs) or cytokine stimulated (EVs^(cyt)) EVs, PBS in equal volume of the EVs (PBS) or left untreated and analysed after 3–5 days by flow cytometry. T cell proliferation frequencies were normalized to the untreated control. a The general immune assay design is shown. b, d Representative flow cytometric plots display the frequencies of proliferated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in PHA stimulated PBMCs (b) or in in anti-CD3 stimulated PBMCs (d). The normalized proliferation of CD4⁺ (left) and CD8⁺ (right) T cells in PHA stimulated PBMCs (c) or in anti-CD3 stimulated PBMCs (e) is presented for the treatment with either CardAP-EV variant and PBS as median with interquartile range (PHA n = 11; four different CardAP donors; five different PBMC donors) (anti-CD3 n = 9; four different CardAP donors; five different PBMC donors). Friedman Test with Dunn’s multiple comparison test: ***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05 or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test; ^###p < .001, ^##p < .01, ^#p < .05