From: Nano-drug delivery systems in wound treatment and skin regeneration
Formulation | Drug | Administration | Outcome | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liposomes | bFGF | Smearing wound every 3Â days | Accelerated the wound closure of mice with deep second-degree scald, expedited regeneration of vascular vessels | [43] |
Liposomes | Madecassoside | Smearing wound once a day for 12Â days | Enhanced permeation and distribution in skin so as to exhibit superior burn wound healing effect | [111] |
Liposomal membrane | Usnic acid | Topical treatment applied every 4Â days | Enhanced maturation of granulation tissue and better collagen deposition | [44] |
Deformable liposomes | EGF, PDGF-A and IGF-1 | Topical treatment, once a day for 11Â days | Significantly enhanced the healing of chronic wounds due to synergistic effect of complex | [47] |
Deformable liposomes | Curcumin | Topical treatment, once a day for 18Â days | Shorten inflammatory process, prevent infection and promoted fibrosis, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and wound contraction | [49] |
Deformable liposomes | Baicalin | Daily topical treatment for 3 days | Complete skin restoration and inhibition of inflammatory markers such as oedema, TNF-α and IL-1β | [48] |
Nanoparticles | Thrombin | Topical treatment | Advanced process of healing, improved skin tensile strength, reduced complications in surgery | [66] |
Nanoparticles | Silver | Topically given with dressing every day | Rapid healing and improved cosmetic appearance were achieved via reduction in wound inflammation, and modulation of fibrogenic cytokines | [64] |
Nanoparticles | Cerium oxide | Topical treatment once a day for 13Â days | Reduced the oxidative stress at wound site and protected regenerative tissue, providing favorable environment for restoration | [112] |
Nanoparticles | ZnO2 | Topical treatment | Had good antibacterial activity and accelerated wound healing in animal model | [65] |
Hydrogel loading nanoparticles | Asiatic acid/ZnO/CuO | Topical treatment | Raised DNA, total protein, hexosamine and hydroxyproline content and rendered superior re-epithelization, collagen fibers arrangement and angiogenesis | [67] |
Hydrogel loading nanoparticles | Silver oxide | Local injection | Showed excellent antimicrobial activity and burn wound healing in the second burn rat model | [113] |
Nanoparticles | LL37 | Intradermally injection | Significantly promoted granulation, collagen deposition, re-epithelialized and neovascularized composition | [59] |
Microspheres/scaffold | Mupirocin | Applied topically, covered and tied | Combated infection and stimulated fibroblast proliferation and dermal collagenization | [114] |
Nanoparticles | Norfloxacin | Applied topically | Sustained drug release to 24Â h, retained antimicrobial efficacy and exhibited good stability | [60] |
Nanoparticles | Amphotericin B | Applied topically every other day | Equipped with strong anti-fungi capacity and quicker efficiency in fungal clearance | [61] |
Nanoparticles | hVEGF gene/stem cells | Intramuscularly injection | Facilitated angiogenesis and limb salvage, also reduced muscle degeneration and tissue fibrosis | [62] |
SLNs/NLCs | EGF | Administered topically twice a week | Significantly improved wound closure, restoration of the inflammatory phase, and re-epithelialization | [72] |
SLNs | LL37 and A1 | Applied topically | Promoted wound closure in fibroblast cells and keratinocytes, simultaneously enhanced antibacterial activity | [73] |
NLCs/scaffold | Andrographolide | Applied every other day 21Â days | Enhanced the wound healing with no scar and improved tissue quality | [74] |
Bioadhesive gel containing SLNs | Cyclosporine A | Administered topically twice a day | Significantly increased rate of mucosal repair | [115] |
Nanofibers | Lawsone | Locally delivered every three days over a period of 14 days | Significantly increased in TGF-β1 and Collagen gene expression in vitro and promoted re-epithelialization of the wound in vivo | [80] |
Nanofibrous dressing | Astragaloside IV | Locally delivered at the wound site every 2Â days | Stimulated wound closure, increased angiogenesis, regulated newly formed types of collagen, and collagen organization | [81] |
Nanofibrous membranes | Collagen/Zein | Applied topically/single | Exerted antibacterial activity and induced fast tissue regeneration | [116] |
Nanofibers loaded with nanoparticles | Cefazolin/zinc oxide | Applied topically/single | Showed great anti-bacterial activity, enhanced cell adhesion and epithelial migration, contributed to faster and more efficient collagen synthesis | [117] |
Nanofibrous scaffold | Human bone marrow stem cells | Applied topically | Boosted cell growth rate and accelerated wound recovery | [118] |
Scaffold loaded with nanoparticles | Silver | Applied topically | Strong anti-microbial capability and excellent biocompatibility with fibroblast cells | [83] |
Nanofibrous scaffold carrying with nanoparticles | PDGF-BB and VEGF | Topically placed on the wound site | Accelerated tissue regeneration and remodeling, promoted angiogenesis | [119] |
Hydrosol/scaffold | TiO2 | Applied topically | Strongly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and induced red blood cells aggregation to stop bleeding | [84] |
Nanofibrous scaffold carrying with nanoparticles | Fe3O4 | Applied topically | A suitable scaffold for cell adhesion with favorable magnetic behavior and low cytotoxicity | [85] |
Hybrid nanostructures/hydrogel | Ag/Ag–AgCl/ZnO | Applied every 2 days for 14 days | Stimulated the immune function, produced the synergistic antibacterial effects and accelerated wound healing | [120] |
Nanohydrogel | Nanosilicates/VEGF | Applied topically | Enhanced cell adhesion and spreading, reduced blood clotting time, facilitated in vitro tissue regeneration and wound healing | [92] |
Nanohydrogel | K2(SL)6K2 | Subcutaneous injection | Provoked an inflammatory response, stimulated host cells to secret wide range of cytokines, so as to promote cell recruitment and angiogenesis | [121] |
Nanohydrogel | Acrylic acid | Applied topically | Maintained the activity and morphology of human dermal fibroblasts, promoted rapid cell proliferation, and affected 9 gene expression related to wound healing | [91] |
Nanohydrogel | Baicalin | Topically smeared every day for 4Â days | Faster and more complete skin restoration and inhibition of specific inflammatory markers were noticed | [90] |
Nanohydrogel | Ultrashort aliphatic peptides | Applied topically | Earlier onset and completion of autolytic debridement as well as faster wound closure compared with a commercial product | [122] |