Table 11 Antibacterial activity
From: Synthesis and biomedical applications of nanoceria, a redox active nanoparticle
S. no | Particle size/morphology | Type of bacteria | Conc. | Observation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 7Â nm/ellipsoidal | Escherichia coli | 0 to 730Â mg/L | A large amount of CNPs was adsorbed on the E. coli, showing cytotoxicity on E. coli | [118] |
2. | 140Â nm | Escherichia coli | 10Â mg/mL | A drastic decrease in the concentration of E. coli | [123] |
3. | 7Â nm 25Â nm/truncated octahedral, rhombus or irregular | Escherichia coli | 10, 100, and 200Â mg/L | Direct contact of CNPs with the surface of E. coli causes a rise in intracellular ROS level, which shows antibacterial activity | [125] |
4. | 8–10 nm | Escherichia coli | 4.3 ppm | Dextran-coated CeO2 are non-toxic or exert mild anti-bacterial activity to E. coli | [126] |
5. | 25-50Â nm | Escherichia coli | 5.0Â g/L | Under UV irradiation (2Â h), CeO2 inhibited the growth of E. coli cells due to oxidative stress | [127] |
6. | 100Â nm/octahedral or truncated octahedral | Escherichia coli | 0.075, 0.125, 0.15, 0.175 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 30Â mg/mL | The interaction of nanoceria with non ionic surfactants enhanced their antibacterial activity against E. coli | [128] |
7. | 25–30 nm/elliptically spherical | Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | – | Nanoceria inhibited bacterial growth by more than 90% | [59] |
8. | 10–20 nm | E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. enterica, S. aureus, and E. faecalis | 50 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL and 500 mg/mL | Nanoceria disrupted cell membranes of bacteria which led to the irreversible damage to the cell envelope which further results in cell death | [129] |
9. | 25 nm | Escherichia coli (KACC 10005), S. Typhimurium (KCCM 40253), B. subtilis (KACC 14394) and E. faecalis (KACC 13807) | 16 µg/mL, 8 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL | Bacterial toxicity is due to the direct interaction between the nanoceria with bacteria which further results in cell death | [124] |
10. | 5Â nm | Streptococcus mutans | 0.22Â mg/mL | Nanoceria seems to be very effective against S. mutans | [131] |
11. | 5Â nm/spherical | Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia and Shigella dysenteriae | 10, 50 and 100Â mg | Nanoceria showed strong antibacterial activity | [58] |
12. | 42 nm/spherical | Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus | 500, 750 and 1000 µg/50 mL | With the increase in the concentration of nanoceria, zone of inhibition also increases in the case of P. aeruginosa | [96] |
13. | 11Â nm/spherical | Staphylococcus 65 aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1, 3 and 5Â mg/disc | Nanoceria exhibited a good antibacterial activity and also showed the inhibition of respective bacterial biofilm formation | [132] |
14. | 27 nm/spherical | S. aureus MTCC-96, S. pyogenes MTCC-1926, P. aeruginosa MTCC-4673, and K. pneumoniae MTCC-109 | 200 µg | Interaction with nanoparticles causes bacterial cell death due to the generation of reactive oxygen species | [133] |
15. | 3.5–6.5 nm | Escherichia coli | – | Nanoceria significantly inhibited the growth of E. coli | [121] |
16. | 3–4 nm/spherical | Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis | 250 μg/mL and 500 µg/mL | Nanoceria possess perfect antibacterial activity against the bacteria at basic pH values as compare to acidic pH values | [122] |
17. | 40–100 nm/spherical, Cubical and Circular | Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris | 20 µl of 25%, 50% and 100% conc. | Nanoceria was very effective against the test organisms and also showed a zone of inhibition for Gram-negative bacteria | [130] |