Fig. 10

Effect of treatment with various formulations of Afa and/or miR-139 on different death mechanisms in Caco-2 cells. a Cell cycle assay was determined by PI staining and the fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry. b FACS analysis of different cell populations was performed by Annexin V and PI staining. c The relative percentage of the apoptotic, necrotic and dead cell population; d Caspase activity was measured by detecting the relative luminescence using a microplate reader. For c and d, the values are the mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05: compared with CTR. ^†P < 0.05: compared with Afa. ^‡P < 0.05: compared with Afa/LPN. ^¶P < 0.05: compared with Afa/LPN-HR. e–g Protein expressions of e apoptosis, including Bax, Bcl-2, caspase 9, caspase 3 and PARP, f necroptosis such as RIP1 and 3, as well as g EGFR/HER and PI3 K/Akt/mTOR/STAT3 pathways were detected by western blot after the above treatment in Caco-2 cells