Fig. 4

ROS changes in PC-3 cells after treated with α-TOS, TD-NPs, AD-NPs, and ATD-NPs for different incubation times (a) and different concentration (b). For a, the concentration of α-TOS in all group was fixed at 6 µg/mL; for b, all group was treated for 4 h. c The relative activity of mitochondrial respiratory complex II in PC-3 cells after incubated with α-TOS, TD-NPs, AD-NPs, and ATD-NPs for different time. d Fluorescence microscope images of intracellular ROS production in PC-3 cells after treated for 4 h. All data showed mean ± SD, n = 3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001