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Table 2 Recently studied radionuclide delivery systems based on organic NPs

From: Current outlook on radionuclide delivery systems: from design consideration to translation into clinics

Radionuclide

Delivery system

Labeling

Application

Comments

Refs.

124I

Liposomes

Hexadecyl4-iodo benzoate

PET, MRI, optical imaging

Kim et al. have prepared a trimodal liposome for optical, nuclear, and magnetic resonance imaging with fast clearance from reticuloendothelial systems, which enables vivid tumor imaging with minimum background

[112]

186Re

Liposomes

Chelation (BMEDA)

Combination of chemo- and radiotherapy

186Re-Doxil liposomes were used in combined therapy for the treatment of solid tumors

[114]

64Cu

Liposomes

Chelation (4-DEAP-ATSC)

PET

Novel 64Cu-MM-302 were used to quantify EPR effect in 19 metastatic breast cancer patients in order to evaluate the effectiveness of further treatment with nanoparticles

[127]

64Cu

HSA-based NPs

Neutron activation route

PET

Chakravarty R. et al. developed a one-pot synthesis of small sized (4–5 nm diameter), water soluble, intrinsically radiolabeled 64Cu metal nanoparticles capped within human serum albumin (HSA) scaffold (64Cu-HSA nanocomposite). Studies in melanoma tumor bearing mice showed rapid accumulation of the radiotracer in tumor with high tumor-to-background contrast

[133]

131I

HSA-based NPs

Iodogen oxidation method

RIT, SPECT

HSA-bound manganese dioxide nanoparticles (131I-HSA-MnO2) are developed as a RIT platform that is responsive to the tumor microenvironment. The acidic TME can trigger degradation of MnO2 and thus decomposition of nanoparticles into individual 131I-HSA with sub-10 nm sizes and greatly improves intratumoral diffusion

[134]

111In

Dendrimers

Chelation (SCN-Bz-DTPA)

SPECT, optical imaging

Kobayashi et al. synthesized nanoprobes with multimodal and multicolor potential, which employed a polyamidoamine dendrimer platform linked to both radionuclides and optical probes, permitting dual-modality scintigraphic and five-color near-infrared optical lymphatic imaging using a multiple-excitation spectrally resolved fluorescence imaging technique

[155]

125I

Polymeric-based NPs

Iodination via aromatic electrophilic substitution

PET, SPECT

Tang et al. produced polymeric NPs using Flash NanoPrecipitation and radiolabeled them with 125I at high radiochemical yields (> 90%). The nanocarriers demonstrated extended circulation half-lives and gradual RES clearance

[175]

64Cu

Polymeric micelles

Chelation (CB‐TE2A)

PET

Jensen et al. investigated the novel triblock PEG‐pHEMA‐PCMA micelle modified with macrocyclic chelator and difference of in vivo biodistribution of cross-linked an non cross-linked micelles using PET

[172]