Radionuclide | Delivery system | Labeling | Application | Comments | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
124I | Liposomes | Hexadecyl4-iodo benzoate | PET, MRI, optical imaging | Kim et al. have prepared a trimodal liposome for optical, nuclear, and magnetic resonance imaging with fast clearance from reticuloendothelial systems, which enables vivid tumor imaging with minimum background | [112] |
186Re | Liposomes | Chelation (BMEDA) | Combination of chemo- and radiotherapy | 186Re-Doxil liposomes were used in combined therapy for the treatment of solid tumors | [114] |
64Cu | Liposomes | Chelation (4-DEAP-ATSC) | PET | Novel 64Cu-MM-302 were used to quantify EPR effect in 19 metastatic breast cancer patients in order to evaluate the effectiveness of further treatment with nanoparticles | [127] |
64Cu | HSA-based NPs | Neutron activation route | PET | Chakravarty R. et al. developed a one-pot synthesis of small sized (4–5 nm diameter), water soluble, intrinsically radiolabeled 64Cu metal nanoparticles capped within human serum albumin (HSA) scaffold (64Cu-HSA nanocomposite). Studies in melanoma tumor bearing mice showed rapid accumulation of the radiotracer in tumor with high tumor-to-background contrast | [133] |
131I | HSA-based NPs | Iodogen oxidation method | RIT, SPECT | HSA-bound manganese dioxide nanoparticles (131I-HSA-MnO2) are developed as a RIT platform that is responsive to the tumor microenvironment. The acidic TME can trigger degradation of MnO2 and thus decomposition of nanoparticles into individual 131I-HSA with sub-10 nm sizes and greatly improves intratumoral diffusion | [134] |
111In | Dendrimers | Chelation (SCN-Bz-DTPA) | SPECT, optical imaging | Kobayashi et al. synthesized nanoprobes with multimodal and multicolor potential, which employed a polyamidoamine dendrimer platform linked to both radionuclides and optical probes, permitting dual-modality scintigraphic and five-color near-infrared optical lymphatic imaging using a multiple-excitation spectrally resolved fluorescence imaging technique | [155] |
125I | Polymeric-based NPs | Iodination via aromatic electrophilic substitution | PET, SPECT | Tang et al. produced polymeric NPs using Flash NanoPrecipitation and radiolabeled them with 125I at high radiochemical yields (> 90%). The nanocarriers demonstrated extended circulation half-lives and gradual RES clearance | [175] |
64Cu | Polymeric micelles | Chelation (CB‐TE2A) | PET | Jensen et al. investigated the novel triblock PEG‐pHEMA‐PCMA micelle modified with macrocyclic chelator and difference of in vivo biodistribution of cross-linked an non cross-linked micelles using PET | [172] |