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Table 2 Synthesis of CDs from small organic molecules via hydrothermal treatment

From: Small molecules derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and biomedicine

S. No.

Source

Method of preparation

Doping (d)/surface passivating (p) agent

Color

Size (nm)

Refs. No.

1.

l-Ascorbic acid

Hydrothermal treatment

Violet

2

[53]

2.

Glucosamine HCl

Hydrothermal treatment

Glucosamine HCl (d)

Green

15–70

[57]

3.

Glucose, monopotassium phosphate

Hydrothermal treatment

Violet

1.83–3.83

[57]

4.

Dopamine

Hydrothermal treatment

Blue, yellow, green

3.8

[37]

5.

Sodium citrate

Hydrothermal treatment

Blue

1.59

[13]

6.

Citric acid and ethylene diamine

Hydrothermal treatment

Blue

2–6

[58]

7.

bPEI, ammonium persulfate

Hydrothermal synthesis

bPEI

Blue

3–4

[59]

8.

Streptomycin

Hydrothermal treatment

Violet

2.97

[60]

9.

Histidine, NaOH

Hydrothermal treatment

Blue

3–5

[61]

10.

Ammonium citrate, ethylenediamine

Hydrothermal treatment

N (d)

Blue

4.8

[54]

11.

l-Serine, l-cystine

Hydrothermal treatment

N, S (d)

Orange

2.6

[55]

12.

1-Octadecane 1-hexadecylamine, citric acid

Hydrothermal synthesis

Dihydrolipoic acid (p)

Yellow

6–8

[62]

13.

Citric acid

Hydrothermal treatment

Isoleucine (d)

Violet

6–15

[63]

14.

Ammonium citrate

Hydrothermal treatment

Ethylene diamine (d)

Indigo

4.8

[54]

15.

Citric acid, ethanediamine

Hydrothermal method

Violet

< 5

[64]

16.

l-Serine, l-cystine

Hydrothermal treatment

N, S (d)

Orange

2.6

[55]

17.

Citric acid, GSH

Hydrothermal treatment

Blue

2.5–3

[65]

18.

1-Octadecane 1-hexadecylamine, citric acid

Hydrothermal synthesis

Dihydrolipoic acid (p)

Yellow

6–8

[62]

19.

Citric acid, NaOH

Hydrothermal treatment

Green

11.3

[66]

20.

Citric acid, NH3·H2O

Hydrothermal treatment

N (d)

Blue

2

[6]

21.

Folic acid, phosphoric acid

Hydrothermal treatment

Folic acid, phosphoric acid (d)

Indigo

13.2 ± 1.6

[67]

22.

Glucose

Hydrothermal treatment

Blue

1.65

[68]

23.

Sodium nitrate, histidine

Hydrothermal treatment

Indigo

1.5

[69]

24.

l-Phenylalaninol

Hydrothermal carbonization

Violet

2.8

[38]

25.

Folic acid, phosphoric acid

Hydrothermal treatment

Folic acid, phosphoric acid (d)

Indigo

13.2 ± 1.6

[67]

26.

APTS (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane), Glycerol

Hydrothermal synthesis

Violet

9 ± 0.5

[70]

27.

Citric acid, PEI (polyethyleneimine)

Hydrothermal treatment

Blue

4.5

[56]