S. No. | Source | Method of preparation | Doping (d)/surface passivating (p) agent | Color | Size (nm) | Refs. No. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | l-Ascorbic acid | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Violet | 2 | [53] |
2. | Glucosamine HCl | Hydrothermal treatment | Glucosamine HCl (d) | Green | 15–70 | [57] |
3. | Glucose, monopotassium phosphate | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Violet | 1.83–3.83 | [57] |
4. | Dopamine | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Blue, yellow, green | 3.8 | [37] |
5. | Sodium citrate | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Blue | 1.59 | [13] |
6. | Citric acid and ethylene diamine | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Blue | 2–6 | [58] |
7. | bPEI, ammonium persulfate | Hydrothermal synthesis | bPEI | Blue | 3–4 | [59] |
8. | Streptomycin | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Violet | 2.97 | [60] |
9. | Histidine, NaOH | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Blue | 3–5 | [61] |
10. | Ammonium citrate, ethylenediamine | Hydrothermal treatment | N (d) | Blue | 4.8 | [54] |
11. | l-Serine, l-cystine | Hydrothermal treatment | N, S (d) | Orange | 2.6 | [55] |
12. | 1-Octadecane 1-hexadecylamine, citric acid | Hydrothermal synthesis | Dihydrolipoic acid (p) | Yellow | 6–8 | [62] |
13. | Citric acid | Hydrothermal treatment | Isoleucine (d) | Violet | 6–15 | [63] |
14. | Ammonium citrate | Hydrothermal treatment | Ethylene diamine (d) | Indigo | 4.8 | [54] |
15. | Citric acid, ethanediamine | Hydrothermal method | – | Violet | < 5 | [64] |
16. | l-Serine, l-cystine | Hydrothermal treatment | N, S (d) | Orange | 2.6 | [55] |
17. | Citric acid, GSH | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Blue | 2.5–3 | [65] |
18. | 1-Octadecane 1-hexadecylamine, citric acid | Hydrothermal synthesis | Dihydrolipoic acid (p) | Yellow | 6–8 | [62] |
19. | Citric acid, NaOH | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Green | 11.3 | [66] |
20. | Citric acid, NH3·H2O | Hydrothermal treatment | N (d) | Blue | 2 | [6] |
21. | Folic acid, phosphoric acid | Hydrothermal treatment | Folic acid, phosphoric acid (d) | Indigo | 13.2 ± 1.6 | [67] |
22. | Glucose | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Blue | 1.65 | [68] |
23. | Sodium nitrate, histidine | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Indigo | 1.5 | [69] |
24. | l-Phenylalaninol | Hydrothermal carbonization | – | Violet | 2.8 | [38] |
25. | Folic acid, phosphoric acid | Hydrothermal treatment | Folic acid, phosphoric acid (d) | Indigo | 13.2 ± 1.6 | [67] |
26. | APTS (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane), Glycerol | Hydrothermal synthesis | – | Violet | 9 ± 0.5 | [70] |
27. | Citric acid, PEI (polyethyleneimine) | Hydrothermal treatment | – | Blue | 4.5 | [56] |