Table 3 Synthesis of CDs from small organic molecules via microwave treatment
S. No. | Source | Method of preparation | Doping (d)/surface passivating (p) agent | Color | Size (nm) | Refs. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Saccharides and polyethylene glycol | Microwave synthesis | – | Blue | 3.7 | [73] |
2. | Citric acid | Microwave synthesis | Tryptophan (d) | Indigo | 2.6 | [74] |
3. | Glycerol | Microwave synthesis | TTDA (p) | Blue, turquoise, green, jacinth and red | 5 | [9] |
4. | Carbohydrates and inorganic salts | Microwave synthesis | – | Blue, green, yellow, red | 2.1 | [77] |
5. | Citric acid | Microwave synthesis | Tryptophan (d) | Indigo | 2.6 | [78] |
6. | Citric acid | Microwave synthesis | RNase A (d) | Blue | 25–45 | [79] |
7. | Citric acid, urea | Microwave synthesis | Boric acid, (d) | Indigo | 2–6 | [31] |
8. | Citric acid | Microwave synthesis | 3-Aminophenyl boronic acid (p) | Indigo | 2–5 | [75] |
9. | Citric acid, urea | Microwave-assisted synthesis | – | Green | 2–6 | [27] |
10. | Triammonium citrate | Microwave irradiation | – | Indigo | 6.5 | [80] |
11. | Glycerol | Microwave pyrolysis | PEI (d, p) | Blue | 9 ± 1.1 | [81] |
12. | Arginine and glucose | Microwave synthesis | – | Blue | 1–7 | [76] |