Small molecules derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and biomedicine

Table 8 Role of CDs in chemicals sensing application

S. No.	Precursor molecule	Application (chemical-sensing)	Refs. No.
1.	Ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA)	Hg2+	[134]
2.	Sodium citrate and citric acid	Hg²⁺	[13]
3.	Ammonium citrate and ethylenediamine	Hg²⁺	[54]
4.	Citric acid, NH₃·H₂O	Hg²⁺	[6]
5.	Sodium citrate and citric acid	Hg²⁺	[135]
6.	Phenolphthalein and ethylenediamine	Hg²⁺, lemon yellow dye, Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂	[136]
7.	Citric acid and triethylamine	Hg²⁺	[137]
8.	o-Phenylenediamine	pH, Hg²⁺, Cl⁻ and Cr⁴⁺	[138]
9.	Graphite rods	Fe³⁺	[139]
10.	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)	Fe³⁺	[105]
11.	Ethylene glycol	Fe³⁺	[143]
12.	Citric acid	Fe³⁺	[144]
13.	Citric, thiourea	Fe³⁺	[145]
14.	Cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB)	Fe²⁺	[140]
15.	Folic acid and 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane	Fe³⁺	[141]
16.	Phenylenediamine	Fe³⁺	[142]
17.	Citric acid	Fe³⁺ and I⁻	[155]
18.	d-Sorbitol	Fe³⁺	[156]
19.	CCl₄ as a carbon and diamines as nitrogen precursors	Ag+	[146]
20.	Uric acid	Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺	[147]
21.	1,2-diaminobenzene	Ag⁺	[148]
22.	Citric acid and amino acid	Ag⁺	[149]
23.	uric acids	Ag⁺	[150]
24.	Citric acid and guanidine thiocyanate	Ag⁺	[151]
25.	Urea, polyethylene glycol (PEG)	Ag+	[111]
26.	Citric acid, poly(ethylenimine) for BPEI-CQDs	Cu²⁺	[12]
27.	Ammonium citrate and ethylenediamine	I⁻	[54]
28.	Sodium alginate	Ascorbic acid	[91]
29.	Ascorbic acid and glycol	Al³⁺ and F⁻	[152]
30.	Citric acid	Selenite (SeO₃²⁻)	[153]
31.	Citric acid, and 1,6-diaminohexane dihydrochloride	Cr⁶⁺	[154]

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