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Table 9 Role of in CDs in photocatalytic application

From: Small molecules derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and biomedicine

S. No.

Nanomaterial

Source molecules

Photocatalysis application/role of support

Refs. No.

1.

S, N doped GDs/TiO2

Citric acid for c-dots and urea/thiourea for N, S

Degradation of Rhodamine B

[157]

2.

CDs/Ag/Ag2O

Glucose

Rhodamine b

[174]

3.

CDs/g-C3N4

Citric acid, ethylenediamine

Degradation of Rhodamine B and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl)

[175]

4.

S, N doped GDs/g-C3N4

Citric acid and thiourea

Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation

[161]

5.

CDs/Bi2O3

l-Ascorbic acid

degradation of Rhodamine b

[165]

6.

Ultrafine amorphous iron oxyhydroxide/ultrathin g-C3N4

Urea

Degradation of Rhodamine B, methylene blue, and methyl orange

[166]

7.

CDs/La2Ti2O7

Vitamin C and ethanol

Rhodamine B (RhB)

[173]

8.

Reduced graphene oxide/ZnO

Graphite oxide

CO2 photoreduction

[178]

9.

g-C3N4

Urea or melamine

Conversion of CO2 into methanol

[168]

10.

Au-doped CDs

Carbon-based

CO2 Photoreduction

[169]

11.

PEG1500N-functionalized CDs with Au/Pt doping

Carbon-based

H2 generation, and CO2 photoreduction

[170]

12.

CDs/TiO2

Graphite

H2 generation

[170]

13.

CDs/TiO2

Vitamin C

H2 generation

[159]

14.

CDs

Citric acid

H2 generation

[85]

15.

N doped GDs-ZnNb2O6/g-C3N4 heterostructures

Urea for g-C3N4 and C6H5O7(NH4)3, NaOH for NGDs

H2 generation

[171]

16.

CDs/nitrogen-doped ZnO

Carbon black pigment

Methylene blue

[172]

17.

N doped CDs/TiO2

Glycerol and TTDDA

Degradation of methylene blue

[160]

18.

CDs/Ag/Ag2O

Glucose

Degradation of methylene blue

[174]

19.

Ultrafine amorphous iron oxyhydroxide/ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets

Urea

Methylene blue, and methyl orange

[166]

20.

Fe(III)/CDs

Oxidative coupling of Xylene by anhydrous FeCl3

H2O2 reduction

[162]

21.

CDs/nitrogen-doped ZnO

Carbon black pigment

Degradation of malachite green

[172]

22.

La/Cu/Zr/CDs

d-Fructose, NaOH

Degradation of ampicillin antibiotic, malachite green

[174]

23.

N doped CDs

Glucose and ammonia

Photodegradation of methyl orange

[175]

24.

Ultrafine amorphous iron oxyhydroxide/ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets

Urea

Methyl orange

[166]

25.

CDs/Bi2WO6

Citric acid, ethylenediamine

Degradation of methyl orange and bisphenol A

[176]

26.

CDs/ZnFe2O4

L-Ascorbic acid,, glycol, and deionized water

NO removal

[178]

27.

Pb–CDs–TiO2

Ascorbic acid and kollicoat

Degradation of RBX, CRB, and CNB dye

[177]

28.

Ag-CDs/g-C3N4

Citric acid, ethylenediamine

Naproxcen

[179]

29.

CDs/g-C3N4/MoO3

Citric acid, urea and dicyandiamide

Degradation of tetracycline (TC)

[180]