From: Development of stimuli-responsive nano-based pesticides: emerging opportunities for agriculture
Material | Bioactive substances | Stimuli | Stimuli-responsive trigger | Conditions | Particle properties | Bioactivity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silica | 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy (herbicide) | pH/ionic strength/temperature | Trimethyl ammonium | – | 423 nm 67.8 mV | Herbicidal activity in Cucumis sativus and reduction of leaching process | [76] |
Chitosan and tripolyphosphate | Hexaconazole (fungicide) | pH | Chitosan | – | < 100 nm | Fungicidal activity against R. solani and cytotoxicity reduction | [28] |
Silica | Triazolone (fungicide) | pH | Polydopamine and metal ions | – | 1.5–10 nm | No biological activity assays | [93] |
Lignin | Coumarin-6 | pH | Lignin | – | 100–400 nm | No biological activity assays | [6] |
Chitosan | Copper ions (fungicide) | pH | Chitosan | – | 361 nm 22 mV | Fungicidal activity against C. luneta and stimulation of the plant defense mechanism | [29] |
Silica | Abamectin (insecticide) | pH | Polystyrene and-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate | – | 140 nm | Insecticidal activity against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and increased leaf adhesion | [23] |
Poly(succinate) | Nile red | pH | Functionalization with primary amines | – | 8–83 nm | No biological activity assays | [27] |
Zein | No active compounds | pH | Zein | – | 210–297 nm | Soil degradation evaluation | [94] |
Silica | Avermectin (insecticide) | pH and enzymes | Cyclodextrin | – | 380–400 nm | Insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella | [15] |
Alginate and chitosan | Acetamiprid (insecticide) | pH | Alginate and chitosan | – | 201 nm − 32 mV | No biological activity assays | [66] |
Silica | Gibberellic acid (plant growth regulator) | pH/metabolites and ultrasound | Iron nanoparticles | – | 139–189 nm | Increase in germination rate of cabbage and Arabidopsis thaliana | [8] |
ɣ-Polyglutamic acid and chitosan | Avermectin (nematicide) | pH | ɣ-Polyglutamic acid and chitosan | – | 56–62 nm | Nematicidal activity | [30] |
Silica | Prochloraz (fungicide) | pH/temperature/enzymes | Chitosan | – | 340 nm 34 mV | Fungicidal activity and reduction of toxicity to zebrafish | [39] |
Alginate | Cypermethrin (fungicide) | pH | Alginate | – | 115–119 nm − 21 mV | Reductions of leaching and phytotoxicity | [35] |
Silica | Diquat (herbicide) | pH | Functionalization with sulfonated groups | – | 240 nm − 17 mV | Herbicidal activity against Datura stramonium L. | [95] |
Graphene oxide | Salicylaldehyde | pH | Functionalization with hydrazine | – | 300 nm | No biological activity assays | [73] |
Graphene oxide | Imidazole (fungicide) | pH | Polydopamine | – | − 30 mV | Fungicidal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum and reduction of leaching process | [71] |
Poly(succinate) and glycine | Avermectin (insecticide/nematicide) | pH | Glycine methyl ester | – | 56 nm | Activity against Plutella xylostella and high leaf adhesion | [65] |
Silica | Curcumin | pH | Chitosan | – | 139–222 nm | Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli | [36] |
Polydopamine and attapulgite | Chlorpyrifos (insecticide) | pH | Alginate | – | 20 nm | Increased larval mortality | [96] |
Silica | Azoxystrobin (fungicide) | pH | Chitosan | – | 152 nm | Fungicidal activity against Phytophthora infestans | [37] |
Silica | Abscisic acid (plant growth regulator) | Redox | Disulfide bond with decanethiol | Increase of glutathione concentration | 20Â nm | Plant development, reduction of hydric stress, and induction of sustained expression of defense gene (AtGALK2) in Arabidopsis | [48] |
Silica | Salicylic acid (plant growth regulator) | Redox | Disulfide bond with decanethiol | Increase of glutathione concentration | 85Â nm | Induction of sustained expression of defense gene (PR-1) in Arabidopsis | [46] |
Chitosan | Gibberellic acid (plant growth regulator) | Temperature | Alginate/chitosan | – | 195–450 nm | Increased seed germination and plant development | [79] |
Silica | Thymol (fungicide) | pH/temperature | Carboxylic, amino, and hydroxyl groups | – | 200 nm | No biological activity assays | [74] |
Attapulgite nanocomposite | Herbicide | Temperature | Glyphosate | – | 0.5–1000 nm | Herbicide activity/high leaf adhesion | [9] |
Polymeric micelle | Insecticide | Temperature | Pyrethrin | – | 80–130 nm | Higher larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens pallens | [67] |
Biochar and attapulgite | Herbicide | Light | Azobenzene | UV, Vis, UV–Vis, and sunlight | – | 93.7% of Bermuda weed was controlled with herbicide particles under UV–Vis exposure | [13] |
Polyethylene glycol | Herbicide | 3-Nitro-4-bromomethylbenzoic acid | UV light (365 nm) | 51 to ~ 63 nm | – | [77] | |
Carboxymethyl chitosan | Herbicide | 2-nitrobenzyl succinate | UV light (365 nm) and sunlight | 196 nm 26.2 mV EE: 91.9% | – | [78] | |
Photo-removable protecting group | Herbicide | Coumarin | UV–Vis light (310, 350, and 410 nm) | – | Vigna radiata growth inhibition | [69] | |
Plant growth regulator | Coumarin | Sunlight | – | Promoted shoot and root growth of Cicer arietinum | [80] | ||
Sex pheromone | Coumarin, pyrene, anthracene | UV and sunlight | – | Promoted better attraction of moths (Chilo partellus), compared to the free compounds | [70] | ||
Insecticide | Coumarin | Blue light (420 nm) or sunlight | – | Insecticidal effects against Aphis craccivora under light exposure | [68] | ||
Insecticide | Coumarin | Blue light (420 nm) or sunlight | – | Insecticidal effects against Mythimna separata under blue light exposure | [12] | ||
Acrylate and polyethylene glycol | Herbicide | Coumarin | UV light (310 nm) | – | Inhibition of root growth of Curcubita maxima | [14] | |
Cucurbut[8]uril | Herbicide | Azobenzene | Sun light (360–800 nm) | 187 nm − 21.7 mV EE: 16.4% | Paraquat-loaded vesicles were efficient in controlling Estuca arundinaceae with a quick release of herbicide | [21] | |
Polydopamine capped with PNIPAm | Insecticide | Near-infrared laser/temperature | Photothermal polydopamine | NIR irradiation (808 nm, at 2 W/cm2) and temperature at 40 °C | ~ 250 nm | – | [97] |
Graphene oxide coated with polydopamine | Fungicide | Near-infrared laser/pH | – | NIR laser (808 nm, 1.5 W/cm2), pH 9 | − 30.5 mV | Activity against Fusarium oxysporum | [71] |
Silica and carboxymethylcellulose | Insecticide | Enzyme | Cellulase | pH 7 at 25 °C | 1 to ~ 3 μm EE: 35% | Cellulase-responsive properties with sustainable insecticidal activity against Myzus persicae | [3] |
Silica and pectin | Antibiotic | Pectinase and glutathione | pH 7 at 25 °C | 1 to ~ 2 μm EE: 20% | Improved efficacy of kasugamycin against Erwinia carotovora | [58] | |
Hollow mesoporous silica and cyclodextrin | Insecticide | α-Amylase | pH 7 at 25 °C | 400 nm − 36 mV EE: 38% | Enhanced the stability and activity of avermectin against Plutella xylostella | [15] | |
Isocyanate-functionalized mesoporous silica cross-linked with polyethylenimine | Herbicide | Urease | pH 7 at 25 °C | 3 to ~ 5 μm EE: 30% | The microcapsules increased herbicidal duration and activity against Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus retroflexus | [2] |