Fig. 6

GO caused caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. F98 cells were exposed to GO (40, 60 and 80 μg/mL) for 24 h. a–c The apoptosis was detected by AnnexinV-FITC-PI Apoptosis Kit. The early apoptosis rate (Q4) were located in the right lower quadrant and the total apoptosis rate (Q2 + Q4) are the sum of the right upper and the right lower quadrants. The column below shows the quantification of early and total apoptosis rates. d Before DAPI staining, CCCP, a kind of apoptosis inducer, was added as positive control to compare the changes of nucleus; e, f GO-exposed cells were dyed with a fluorescent carbocyanine dyestuff JC-1 to investigate the effects of GO on MMP by detecting the ratio of red and green fluorescence in flow cytometry. g The expression of Bax (h), Bcl-2 (i), cleaved 3 (j) in GO-exposed cells were identified by western blots. The column on the right showed the quantification of gray-scale value of straps through Imagine J analysis. All datas expressed as mean ± SD in three independent experiment results. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 vs. control group