Fig. 1
Preparation and characterization of HepM-TSL. a TEM image of bare TSL nanoparticles. b TEM image of HepM-TSL nanoparticles. c Zeta potentials of bare TSL nanoparticles, HepM-TSL nanoparticles and HepG2 cell membrane vesicles. d Gel electrophoresis analysis of HepM-TSL nanoparticles, HepG2 cell membrane vesicles and HepG2 cell lysis solutions. e Western blot analysis of HepM-TSL nanoparticles, HepG2 cell membrane vesicles and HepG2 cell lysis solutions. Samples were run with equal protein concentrations and immunostained against membrane markers, including galectin-1, CD47 and galectin-3, and intracellular markers, including histone H3 (a nuclear marker), cytochrome c oxidase (COXIV, a mitochondrial marker). f The photothermal responses of the HepM-TSL nanoparticles with ICG concentration of 50 μg mL−1 under irradiation with an NIR laser (808 nm, 1.0 W cm−2 and 1.41 W cm−2). g Stability of TSL nanoparticles and HepM-TSL nanoparticles in PBS. The TSL nanoparticles and HepM-TSL nanoparticles were dispersed in PBS at room temperature then kept for 12 days. The diameters of the nanoparticles were measured with a dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyzer every day