Engineering nanoparticles to reprogram radiotherapy and immunotherapy: recent advances and future challenges

Table 1 Summary of studies on high-Z metallic nanoparticles radiosensitization

Element	Size/Zeta potential	Surface	Type	Cell line/model	Source energy	References
Au	13.5 ± 1.3 nm	Cationic polyelectrolytes	In vitro	Glioblastoma cells	40 kV, 80 mGy/min	[48]
	− 2.2 ± 0.5 mV	Polyethylene glycol-goserelin		PC3 cells	6MV	[50]
	− 2.2 ± 0.5 mV	Polyethylene glycol-goserelin		PC3 cells	X-ray, 5Gy
	27 nm	Tumor necrosis factor-α		4T1/SCCVII cells	X-ray 12/20Gy	[51]
	75 nm	Polymeric micelles		HT1080 cells	X-ray, 4/6Gy	[52]
	75 nm	Polymeric micelles		HT1080 cells	150kVp, 6Gy
Hf	25.2 nm	Hydroxyapatite	In vitro	A549 cells	662 keV, 5Gy	[61]
Hf	25.2 nm	Hydroxyapatite	In vitro	A549 cells	662 keV, 5Gy
Bi	56 nm	Folate plus red blood cell membrane	In vitro	4T1/HDF cells	115 kVp, 9Gy	[68]
Bi	− 16.5 mV	Folate plus red blood cell membrane	In vitro	4T1 cells	115 kVp, 9Gy
Gd	3.5 ± 1 nm	Silica	In vitro	Capan-1 cells	220 kVp	[44]
Gd	9 ± 5.5 mV	Silica	In vitro	Capan-1 cells	220kVp, 10Gy

ISSN: 1477-3155