Table 1 Functional nanomaterials or chemiluminescence -based probes for VEGF detection

An electrochemical biosensor based on graphene oxide/ssDNA/PLLA nanoparticles

~ 50

[68]

The AR/H₂O₂–Apt–Au NPs/BiOCl nanocomposites probe

~ 25,000

[69]

Magnetic graphene oxide (MGO)-modified Au electrode

~ 31

[70]

Aptamer sandwich based chemiluminescence assay

~ 1000

[71]

Aptamer—gold nanoparticle assembly

~ 45,000

[72]

Gold nanoparticles and immunoreaction using resonance light scattering

~ 60

[73]

Single-step nanoplasmonic aptasensor

~ 25

[74]

CAT-mediated CL immunoassay based on CdTe QD/H₂O₂ system

~ 0.5

This study