Fig. 1

Physicochemical characterization of C₂S NPs. a Representative TEM image of the C₂S NP morphology and size. b Representative SEM image of C₂S NP morphology. c Particle size of C₂S powder ranged from 40-150 nm in diameter by laser diffraction. d XRD analyses indicated that the spectrum of sample corresponded to Ca₂SiO₄. e Representative AFM image and thickness analysis of C₂S NPs. f EDS analyses detected Ca, Si, and O corresponding to Ca₂SiO₄. g Functional groups of C₂S NPs identified by the FTIR spectrum showed the presence of C-O, Si–O and unbound water