Table 1 Radiosensitizing effect of high-Z metal NPs in glioblastoma model
From: Radiosensitizing high-Z metal nanoparticles for enhanced radiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme
High-Z metal | Particle name (commercial or by the authors) | Coating | Hydrodynamic Size | Functionalization | Injection mode | Concentration of NPs administerated in vivo | Concentration of NPs in tumor | Radiation source | In vitro/In vivo | Radiation Energy | Radiation dose | Cells and tumor models | Radiosensitizing effect | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gold | GNPs | PEG | 23 nm | None | i.v. | 1.25 g Au/kg | 3.7% ID/g Tissue of gold | Small Animal Radiation Research Platform | In vitro | 150 kVp | 0 ~ 6 Gy | U251 | SER = 1.3 | Johet al. [88] |
In vivo | 175 kVp | 20 Gy | U251 orthotopic mouse model | Median survival time: RT vs. NP + RT: 14 vs. 28 days | ||||||||||
AuNPs-Pt | PEI | 50 nm | Cisplatin | In vitro only | In vitro only | In vitro only | Cesium-137 beam radiator | In vitro | 1 Gy per minute | 10 Gy | S1, S2, SP56 (Patient-derived GBM cell line) | NP + RT: Complete cancer ablation RT: Recurrence | Setua et al. [90] | |
BSA-AuNPs | BSA | 28 nm | None | i.v. | 1.3 mg/mL BSA-AuNPs | 2%ID/g Tissue of gold | N.R. | In vitro | 160 kVp X-ray | 0 ~ 8 Gy | U87 | SER = 1.37 | Chen et al. [89] | |
In vivo | 160 kVp | 5 Gy | U87 subcutaneous mouse model | Tumor weight: RT vs. NP + RT = 0.15 g vs. 0.1 g | ||||||||||
pAuNTs (Au nanotriangles) | None | 61.51 nm (Narrow edge length) | PEG | i.v. | 2.7 mg/kg pAuNTs | 5000 ng/g (Au/tissue) | XRAD 320 orthovoltage irradiator | In vitro | 250 kVp X-rays | 0 ~ 6 Gy | MCF-7, U87MG | Maximum reduction of surviving fraction: 3-4 Gy | Bhattarai et al. [9] | |
In vivo | N.R | U87MG subcutaneous mouse model | DEF = 2.67 Time to tripling of tumor: RT vs. NP + RT = 3 days vs. 8 days | |||||||||||
Gadolinium | GdBN | Polysiloxane shell | 3 nm | None | In vitro only | In vitro only | In vitro only | Gamma radiation, Cobalt source (60Co) at CEA | In vitro | 1.25 MeV (1 Gy per minute) | 0–7 Gy | U87 | Enhancing factor2 Gy = ~ 23% | Stefancikov et al. [105] |
GdBNs | Polysiloxane shell | 3 nm | None | In vitro only | In vitro only | In vitro only | Gamma ray, 60Co irradiator | In vitro | 1 Gy per minute | 0–4 Gy | U87 | Survival fraction: RT vs. NP + RT = 0.81 vs. 0.55 (1 Gy) RT vs. NP + RT = 0.42 vs. 0.37 (4 Gy) | Stefancikova et al. [70] | |
Gd-based particle | Polysiloxane shell | 3 nm | None | In vitro only | In vitro only | In vitro only | 137Cs source irradiator, Pantak Therapax STX 150 apparatus | In vitro | 660 keV | 0–8 Gy | U87 | DNA DSBs of GdNP + 5 Gy: 84% versus RT only Cell killed by NP sensitizing effect (2 vs. 5 vs. 8 Gy: 12.5% vs. 25% vs. 37%) | Le Duc et al. [103] | |
Silver | AgNPs | Citrate | 26.75 nm | None | i.t. | 10 μg (mass-AgNPs) 5.48 μg (mol-AgNPs) | N.R | linear accelerator | In vitro | 6 MV X-rays (200 cGy per minute) | 0–8 Gy, | U251 | SER: mas-AgNPs: 1.64 mol-AgNPs: 1.44 | Liu et al. [115] |
vertical accelerator | In vivo | 6 MV X-rays | 8 Gy | U251 orthotopic mouse model | MST: RT vs. mas-AgNP + RT vs. mol-AgNP + RT = 35 days vs. 62 days vs. 51 days) | |||||||||
AgNPs | PVP | 88.6 nm | None | i.t. | 10 μg or 20 μg | N.R | Vertical beam with linear accelerator | In vivo | 6 MV X-rays (200 MU per minute) | 10 Gy | C6 orthotopic rat model | MST: IR vs. 10 μg AgNPs + RT vs. 20 μg AgNPs + RT = 24.5 vs. 33.5 vs. 37.0 days | Liu et al. [114] | |
Iron oxide Iron oxide | cetuximab-IONPs | Amphiphilic polymer | Core size: 10 nm | Cetuximab | CED | 0.3 mg/mL | N.R | X-RAD | In vitro | 320 kV, 10 mA (1.2 Gy per minute) | 10 Gy | U87MGEGFRvIII | Cetuximab-IONP + RT: higher density of DNA DSBs, enhanced intracellular ROS production | Bouras et al. [37] |
In vivo | 320 kV, 10 mA (1.2 Gy per minute) | 10 Gy x 2 (24, 72 h) | U87MGEGFRvIII orthotopic mouse model | MST: RT vs. cetuximab-IONPs + RT = 15 vs. 60 | ||||||||||
SPION-cmHsp70.1 | Dextran | 54.8 nm | Monoclonal cmHsp70.1 antibody | i.v. | 2.5 mg/kg | N.R | N.R | In vitro | N.R | 0–20 Gy | C6, K562, HeLa | Dramatical increase in surface density of Hsp 70 by radiotherapy | Shevtsov et al. [122] | |
Monochromatic X-ray beams, SARRP irradiator, | In vivo | 225 kVp | 10 Gy | C6 orthotopic rat model | SPION-cmHsp70.1 uptake was enhanced by radiotherapy | |||||||||
Bismuth oxide | Bi2O3 NP | None | 50–70 nm | None | In vitro only | In vitro only | In vitro only | Nucletron Oldelft Therapax, Elekta Axesse™ LINAC | In vitro | 125 kVp, 10 MV | 0–8 Gy, | 9L | SER (125kVp) = 1.48 SER (10 MV) = 1.25 | Stewart et al. [123] |
TIONTs | TiONts | None | 10 nm | None | In vitro only | In vitro only | In vitro only | linear photon accelerator (clinic600, Varian) | In vitro | N.R | 0–10 Gy | SNB-19, U87MG | SF2 Gy (SNB19): RT vs. NP + RT = 0.36 vs. 0.18 SF2 Gy (U87MG): RT vs. NP + RT = 0.60 vs. 0.43 | Mirjolet [124] |
Tantalum pentoxide | Tantalum pentoxide NSPs | None | 56 nm | None | In vitro only | In vitro only | In vitro only | Clinical LINAC | In vitro | 10 MV X-rays | 0–8 Gy | 9L | SER = 1.33 | Brown et al. [113] |
Gold, Iron oxide | GSMs | PEG-PCL copolymer | ~ 100 nm | None | i.v. | 300 mg Au/kg | Brain tumor: 1.7% ID/g, flank tumor: 2.2% ID/g | Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) | In vitro | 150 kVp, 0.5 mA | 4 Gy | U251, U373 | DNA DSBs change (U251) = 1.8-fold DNA DSBs change (U373) = 2.4-fold | Sun et al. [127] |
N.R | In vivo | N.R | N.R | U251 orthotopic mouse model | GSM uptake (Normal brain:brain tumor = 1:97) | |||||||||
BaYbF5:2% Er3+ | UCA-RGD | None | 22 nm | RGD peptide | i.v. | 70 mg Yb/kg (7 mg Yb/mL) | 7.5% ID Yb/g | Siemens Primus clinical linear accelerator | In vitro | 6 MeV | 8 Gy | U87MG | Cell uptake is enhanced by RGD peptide | Xing et al. [126] |
In vivo | 6 MeV | 8 Gy | U87MG Subcutaneous mouse model | Tumor volume shrinkage of UCA-RGD + RT group = 35% |