Fig. 1

Characteristics of nanoparticles. a Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-bovine serum albumin (BSA) with nanocomposite carriers (liposome, aminoclay-coated, and Eudragit S100-clay-coated). Scale bar of single nanocomposite carrier represents 50 nm. The scale bar of BSA-L and EAC-BSA-L in the TEM images of lower magnification is 200 nm, and the scale bar of AC-BSA-L in the TEM images of lower magnification is 500 nm. The zeta potential is the mean ± SD of two independent experiments (n = 2), and the size and captured concentration data are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (n = 2). b TEM images of Eudragit S100-aminoclay-coated liposomes entrapped with infliximab (IFX). Scale bar of single nanocomposite represents 100 nm. The scale bar of the TEM images of lower magnification is 200 nm. Size, zeta potential, and concentration of IFX encapsulated by nanocomposites were measured. AC-BSA-L, aminoclay-liposome-coated BSA; BSA, bovine serum albumin; BSA-L, liposome-coated BSA; EAC-IFX-L, Eudragit S100-liposome-coated IFX; Eudragit S100-aminoclay-liposome-coated IFX; FITC-BSA, BSA-fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. c Time-dependent size changes of liposome, clay-liposome, and E100-clay-liposome incubated in PBS, SIF, or SGF at 37 °C. d Time-dependent fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) release profile from liposomes incubated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, without pancreatin) at 37 °C. e Circular dichroism analysis of the BSA stability in the nanocomposites