Solid lipid nanoparticle
|
Lipid and surfactant
|
Proanthocyanidins
|
Melt-emulsion method
|
243 nm
|
H441 cells
|
Reduce ROS production
|
[109]
|
Lipid
|
Carvacrol
|
Fusion-emulsification method
|
78.72 nm
|
Inhalation
|
Minimize the inhalation injury by reducing malondialdehyde and minimize the histological change
|
[110]
|
Inorganic nanoparticles
|
Gold nanoparticles
|
Au
|
–
|
21 nm
|
Inhalation
|
AuNP can be used as nanocarrier (rapid binding to the alveolar epithelium)
|
[111]
|
Ferrous and ferric chlorides
|
Antibody conjugates
|
Controlled precipitation approach
| ∼350 nm |
Intravenous
|
Enable endothelial delivery of active ingredients and protected from proteolysis CAT and SOD
|
[106]
|
Cerium oxide (IV) nanoparticles
|
SOD and CAT
| |
2–3 nm
|
SOD enzymatic assay
|
Against ROS
|
[112]
|
Al2O3 NPs
|
Al2O3
|
(Purchased from Plasmachem Gmb)
| |
Inhalation
|
Al2O3 NPs exposure lead to suppression of PTPN6 and phosphorylation of STAT3. rescue of PTPN6 expression or application of a STAT3 inhibitor which protect lungs from inflammation and apoptosis
|
[113]
|
Biodegradable nanoparticles
|
Poly(ε-caprolactone)
|
Lipoic acid
|
Interfacial polymer deposition
|
191–349 nm
|
In vitro lipid peroxidation system
|
Protection against lipid peroxidation
|
[114]
|
HPOX
|
HBA
|
Single emulsion method
|
~ 450 nm
|
RAW 264.7 cells and in vivo intranasally
|
inhibit NO production by suppressing iNOS expression in LPS-activated cells
|
[115]
|
polyoxalate
|
HBA
|
Conventional single emulsion method
|
~ 500 nm
|
Intratracheally, injection
|
Scavenge H2O2, suppress the expression of iNOS, COX-2, (IL)-1β
|
[116]
|
Poly(trolox ester)
|
trolox
|
Single-step emulsion technique
|
120–220 nm
|
U937 cells
|
Enzymatic degradation to release active antioxidants and suppress almost 50% of oxidative stress in the cells
|
[117]
|
Polymer nanoparticles
|
PHEA-PLA-PEG2000
|
FP
|
HPH (freeze drying)
|
161.3 ± 4.14.0 nm
|
Immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cell line
|
Improve drug permeation through the mucus layer, reduce the survivin expression
|
[118]
|
PEG-DSPE
|
Budesonide
|
HPH (freeze drying)
| ∼550 nm |
Inhalation
|
–
|
[119]
|
PVP; PVA or dextran
|
Curcumin
|
Solvent and antisolvent precipitation method
|
30 nm
|
Inhalation
|
Inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in alveolar macrophages in a time dependent manner
|
[120, 121]
|
PGA-co-PDL, cationic lipid DOTAP
|
microRNAs
|
Single emulsion solvent evaporation method
|
244.8 ± 4.40 nm
|
Human alveolar adenocarcinoma A549 cells
|
Reduce IRAK1 expression and dampen IL-8 promoter reporter output
|
[122, 123]
|
PLGA, calcium phosphate, chitosan or PEI
|
siRNA, pDNA, FITC-BSA
|
Modified the rapid precipitation method (freeze drying)
|
Below 200 nm
|
HeLa cells
|
Increase the encapsulated siRNA or DNA and help them across the cell membrane
|
[124, 125]
|
PLGA, calcium phosphate, polyethylenimine
|
siRNA
|
Modified the rapid precipitation method (freeze drying)
|
~ 145 nm
|
Nasal instillation
|
Regulate the expression of IFN-γ, CCL-2 and IP-10 to achieve a decreased inflammation of the lungs
|
[124, 125]
|
Dendrimers
|
PEGylated polylysine dendrimers
|
–
|
[126]
|
11–78 kDa
|
Pulmonary instillation
|
Control delivery of medications to lungs by modified with variously sized PEG groups in particle surface
|
[127]
|
PAMAM dendrimers (PEGylated or not)
|
–
|
–
|
5.1–9.9 nm
|
Pulmonary delivery pharyngeal aspiration (P.A.) technique
|
Enhance dendrimer reaching the endothelial cells and systemic circulation. P.A. administration promotes the passive targeting of dendrimers to lymph nodes
|
[128]
|
TEE modified PAMAM dendrimers
|
siRNA
|
Vortex
|
257 nm
|
Inhalation
|
Target lung alveolar epithelial A549 cells and silence genes
|
[129]
|
PAMAM dendrimer
|
TNF-α siRNA
|
Vortex
|
127–153 nm
|
RAW264.7 cells, intranasal in acute lung inflammation model
|
Gene silence (targeted TNF-α)
|
[130]
|
Polymer hybrid nanoparticles
|
PLGA and DOTAP
|
siRNA
|
DESE
|
Below 250 nm
|
H1299 cells
|
Gene silence (targeted TNF-α)
|
[131]
|
PLGA and DOTAP
|
pHDAC2, MnPD
|
Modified solvent displacement method
|
~ 120 nm
|
A549 cells
|
Reduce ROS level and glucocorticoid resistance
|
[123]
|
Nanocrystals
|
Pluronic F68 or lecithin
|
Budesonide
|
Wet-milling technique
|
150–400 nm
|
–
|
Facilitate easier industrial use of nanocrystals
|
[132]
|
Multifunctional nanomaterials
|
Fibroin
|
Sulforaphane, CeNPs and PEI passivated CDs
|
Modified solvent displacement method
|
365 ± 20.2 nm
|
Cell evaluation
|
Against oxidative stress and imaging
|
[133]
|