Bacteria | Loaded molecule | Polymeric matrix | Surface modifications | Dose | Admin. route | In vitro/In vivo model | Results | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus | clindamycin | PEI/PLGA | – | 0.1–0.5 mg/mL | Incubation | MRSA | Cly/PPNPs enhance bactericidal efficacy against MRSA compared with the Cly/PNPs Cly/PPNPs significantly accelerate the healing and re-epithelialization of wounds in infected mice Both NPs are harmless to healthy fibroblast cells | Hasan et al. [95] |
0.5Â mg/ml | Topically applied | ICR mice | ||||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | PDH | PLGA | – | 125 μL of PNPs | Incubation | Biofilms PAO1 | The optimal formulation disperses biofilms and exhibits enzymatic activity | Han et al. [96] |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | Propolis | Chitosan | – | 100 μg/mL of PNPs | Incubation | S. epidermidis strain ATCC 14,990 | PNPs effectively disrupt biofilm formation of S. epidermidis and decrease its viability to ~ 25% Gene expression in treated bacteria shows that genes involved in intercellular adhesion such as IcaABCD, embp and other related genes are significantly downregulated by PNPs exposure | Ong et al. [98] |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | Imidazolium cations | PLGA | Chitosan | 1Â mg PNPs/well | Incubation | LIVE/DEAD kit | PNPs show a high antibacterial activity to the bacterial cells under the biofilm | Takahashi et al. [99] |