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Table 6 Selected relevant pre-clinical assays based on novel drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of urinary tract infections

From: State-of-the-art polymeric nanoparticles as promising therapeutic tools against human bacterial infections

Bacteria

Loaded molecule

Polymeric matrix

Surface modifications

Dose

Admin. route

In vitro/In vivo model

Results

Ref

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Chitosan

5 − 100 μg/mL

Incubation

Pseudo 9 HX053

Pseudo 12 HX103

Kleb 1—HX033

Kleb 2—HX077

Biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae is inhibited at 40 μg/mL of PNPs up to 94 and 92%, respectively

Maruthupandy et al. [111]

Escherichia coli

proanthocyanidin

Chitosan

200 mg/mL of PAC

Incubation

ExPEC

PNPs decrease the ability of ExPEC to

invade epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner

Alfaro-Viquez et al. [105]

Escherichia coli

Ag NPs

PVP

1.25–0.039 mg/mL

Incubation

E. coli ATCC 25,922

Coated PNPs inhibit the growth of E. coli at 0.312 mg/mL

Coated NPs imped bacterial growth as early as 8 h at 0.156 mg/Ml

Ashmore et al. [104]

Staphylococcus aureus

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Proteus mirabilis

Canddida albicans

Hyaluronic acid

NA

Surface immobilization

S. aureus

E. coli

P. aeruginosa

P. mirabilis

C. albicans

Microbial growth is hampered by 85% compared with unmodified PNPs silicone catheters

Bracic et al. [109]

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermis

Escherichia coli

Enterococcus faecalis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Proteus mirabilis

Norfloxacin

AgNPs

PLGA

NA

Surface immobilization

S. aureus

S.epidermides

E. coli

E. faecalis

P.aeruginosa

P. mirabilis

The polymer films loaded with the two antibacterial agents avoid biofilm formation for at least 2 weeks

Dayyoub et al. [110]

Escherichia coli

Proteus mirabilis

Kanamycin

Chitosan

NA

Surface immobilization

E. coli MTCC 729

P. mirabilis MTCC 425

The PNPs surface-modified ureteral stent shows significantly increased antibacterial activity relative to the surface of an unmodified one

Kumar et al. [106]

Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus

Chlorin e6

Poly(HDDA-co-DEPA)

PEG

100 μl NPs

Incubation

E. coli ATCC 8739

S. aureus ATCC 6538

In vitro: PNPs show significant antibacterial efficacy in vitro with low cytotoxicity

In vivo: a significant decline in bacterial cells count occurred in urine after PNPs injection together with photodynamic therapy treatment

Liu et al. [108]

50 μl of NPs

Bladder injection

BALB/c mice

  1. ExPEC extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli; PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone