Bacteria | Loaded molecule | Polymeric matrix | Surface modifications | Dose | Admin. route | In vitro/In vivo model | Results | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella Pneumoniae | – | Chitosan | – | 5 − 100 μg/mL | Incubation | Pseudo 9 HX053 Pseudo 12 HX103 Kleb 1—HX033 Kleb 2—HX077 | Biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae is inhibited at 40 μg/mL of PNPs up to 94 and 92%, respectively | Maruthupandy et al. [111] |
Escherichia coli | proanthocyanidin | Chitosan | – | 200 mg/mL of PAC | Incubation | ExPEC | PNPs decrease the ability of ExPEC to invade epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner | Alfaro-Viquez et al. [105] |
Escherichia coli | Ag NPs | – | PVP | 1.25–0.039 mg/mL | Incubation | E. coli ATCC 25,922 | Coated PNPs inhibit the growth of E. coli at 0.312 mg/mL Coated NPs imped bacterial growth as early as 8 h at 0.156 mg/Ml | Ashmore et al. [104] |
Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis Canddida albicans | – | Hyaluronic acid | – | NA | Surface immobilization | S. aureus E. coli P. aeruginosa P. mirabilis C. albicans | Microbial growth is hampered by 85% compared with unmodified PNPs silicone catheters | Bracic et al. [109] |
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermis Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis | Norfloxacin AgNPs | PLGA | – | NA | Surface immobilization | S. aureus S.epidermides E. coli E. faecalis P.aeruginosa P. mirabilis | The polymer films loaded with the two antibacterial agents avoid biofilm formation for at least 2 weeks | Dayyoub et al. [110] |
Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis | Kanamycin | Chitosan | – | NA | Surface immobilization | E. coli MTCC 729 P. mirabilis MTCC 425 | The PNPs surface-modified ureteral stent shows significantly increased antibacterial activity relative to the surface of an unmodified one | Kumar et al. [106] |
Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus | Chlorin e6 | Poly(HDDA-co-DEPA) | PEG | 100 μl NPs | Incubation | E. coli ATCC 8739 S. aureus ATCC 6538 | In vitro: PNPs show significant antibacterial efficacy in vitro with low cytotoxicity In vivo: a significant decline in bacterial cells count occurred in urine after PNPs injection together with photodynamic therapy treatment | Liu et al. [108] |
50 μl of NPs | Bladder injection | BALB/c mice |