Skip to main content
Fig. 3 | Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Fig. 3

From: Dynamic AFM detection of the oxidation-induced changes in size, stiffness, and stickiness of low-density lipoprotein

Fig. 3

Effects of oxidation on the biomechanical properties of LDL particles. a Native LDL particles in a field of 1 µm × 1 µm. b Oxidized LDL particles (oxLDL particles; the LDL particles were oxidized by 5 µM copper for 16 h in solution prior to the immobilization on functionalized mica for AFM detection) in a field of 1 µm × 1 µm. a, b Left panel: topographical mapping; middle panel: Young’s modulus mapping; right panel: adhesion force mapping. Green dotted circles indicate individual particle-like patches corresponding to the oxLDL particles at the same locations in the topographical image. c Distribution and quantitative analyses (insets) of Young’s modulus (left panel) and adhesion force (right panel) of individual LDL/oxLDL particles (n = 100; the dark green represents the overlapping part)

Back to article page