Table 2 Effect of various nanoparticles on histone H2AX phosphorylation
Nanomaterials (NMs) and Nanoparticles (NPs) | In vitro or in vivo | Experimental design | Epigenetic effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2-NPs | In vitro | Human intestinal CaCo-2 cells exposed to quartz, SiO2-55 nm or SiO2-15 nm at 4, 16, 32 and 64 μg/mL or 15 nm at 64 μg/mL for 24 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [56] |
TiO2-NPs | In vitro | Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells A549 exposed to 50-1000 µg/mL or 1-100 µg/mL TiO2-NPs for 1, 24, and 48 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX independent of oxidative stress | [51] |
TiO2 -NPs and Nano-cobalt (Nano-Co) | In vitro | Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells A549, exposed to 5-15 µg/mL TiO2-NPs and nano-Co for 12 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [52] |
TiO2-NPs | In vitro | Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells A549, macrophage-likeTHP-1 cells, and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells HPMEC-ST1.6R were exposed to 5, 200, and 800 µg/mL TiO2-NPs for 4 and 24 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX in THP-1 and HPMEC-ST1.6R cells | [53] |
TiO2-NPs | In vitro | Human dermal fibroblasts isolated from neonatal foreskins, exposed to 100, 30, 10, 3, and 1 µg/mL TiO2-NPs for 24 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [54] |
TiO2 -NPs | In vitro | Human skin fibroblasts cell line (BJ), exposed to 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL TiO2-NPs for 24 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [55] |
Ag-NPs | In vitro | Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells A549, exposed to 10-200 µg/mL Ag-NPs for 48 and 72 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [35] |
Ag-NPs | In vitro | Human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT), human lung (A549) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) treated with 1.0 µg/mL Ag-NPs for 4 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX in A549 and MCF-7 cells. | [50] |
Au-NPs | In vitro | Human MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MsB-468 breast cancer cells exposed to 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL positively (+) and to 250 and 500 µg/mL negatively (-) charged Au-NPs for 24 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [57] |
CuO-NPs | In vitro | Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 (well-differentiated) and SK-Hep-1 (poorly differentiated) were exposed to Cu-NPs at 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL for 24 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX, especially in SK-Hep-1 cells, in dose–dependent manner | [58] |
Cerium dioxide NPs (CeO2-NPs) | In vitro | Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to CeO2-NPs at 6, 12, and 18 µg/mL for 3-24 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [59] |
Arsenic trioxide NPs (As2O3-NPs) | In vitro | Human embryonic kidney HEK293 or HeLa cells were exposed to As2O3-NPs at 0.2–0.8 µM for 24, 48, and 72 h | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [60] |
ZnO-NPs | In vivo and in vitro | Chickens fed diets containing ZnO-NPs at 10–200 mg/kg for 24 weeks, then artificially inseminated, embryonic development monitored, and ovarian cells cultured | Increase in ɣ-H2AX | [61] |
Iron oxide nanoparticles (S-ION) silica coated | in vitro | Human A-172 glioblastoma cells exposed to various concentration of S-ION (5-100 µg/ml) for 3 and 24 h | Increase in H2AX at 50 and 100 µg/ml S-IOP for 24 h | [62] |