Table 1 Polymeric nanoparticle distribution within the eye
From: Distribution of polymeric nanoparticles in the eye: implications in ocular disease therapy
Significant areas of distribution | Administration route | Polymer | Coating | Size (nm), Zeta Potential (mV) | Additional features | Suggested clinical use | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cornea | Topical | PCL | PVA | 250, − 20* | Benzalkonium chloride | Controlled release of antibiotic drugs to treat corneal infection | [14] |
Subconjunctival | pRNA | None | 10 | PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermosensitive hydrogel | Delivery of anti-VEGF aptamer to reduce corneal neovascularization and graft rejection | [18] | |
Iris, Conjunctiva | Topical | PCL | PF68 | 165, − 20* | Benzalkonium chloride | Delivery of anti-inflammatory medications to treat iritis Controlled release of NSAIDs, antibiotics, or steroidal drugs to treat conjunctivitis | [14] |
Ciliary body | Suprachoroidal injection | Polystyrene†| None | 20–10,000 | Carboxylmethylcellulose (700 kDa) and methylcellulose (90 kDa) solution | Delivery of β-blockers or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma | [30] |
Lens | Topical | PLGA | Gelatin | 170, − 12* | None | Delivery of antioxidants for cataract prevention or chaperone proteins to reverse congenital cataracts and stabilize misfolded crystallin proteins Delivery of anti-VEGF for treatment of CNV | [26] |
Choroid, Retina | Topical | PCL | PF68 | 165, − 20* | None | Delivery of anti-VEGF or corticosteroids for treatment of CNV or diabetic retinopathy Delivery of antioxidants to slow progression of dry AMD | [14] |
Topical | PLGA | Chitosan | 170, 35* | None | Delivery of antioxidants to slow progression of dry AMD Delivery of anti-VEGF and/or corticosteroids to treat diabetic retinopathy or CNV | [26] | |
Suprachoroidal injection | Polystyrene†| None | 20–10,000 | Hyaluronic acid solution | Delivery of anti-VEGF or corticosteroids for treatment of CNV or diabetic retinopathy Delivery of antioxidants to slow progression of dry AMD | [30] | |
Retina | Subconjunctival injection | pRNA | None | 10 | PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermosensitive hydrogel | Delivery of anti-VEGF aptamer to treat diabetic retinopathy | [18] |
Intravitreal injection | PLGA | PVA | 227 ± 15, − 2 ± 1 | None | Delivery of anti-VEGF and/or corticosteroids to treat diabetic retinopathy | [67] | |
Intravitreal injection | Glycosylated chitosan | None | 229.1 ± 8.7, 16.4 3.2 | None | Delivery of neuroprotective agents to ganglion cells to treat glaucoma | [63] | |
Intravitreal injection | CK/PEG-DNA polyplex | None | 60 ± 6, − 1 ± 4 | None | Gene delivery to the retina to treat inherited retinal degeneration VEGF silencing to treat exudative AMD | [67] | |
Inner Retina | Intravitreal injection | Hyaluronic acid | None | 213.4 ± 10.3, − 26.2 ± 4.0 | None | Delivery of anti-VEGF, kinase inhibitors, or gene delivery to silence VEGF for treating diabetic retinopathy | [63] |
Intravitreal injection | Human serum albumin | None | 326.3 ± 9.7, − 20.9 ± 2.0 | None | Delivery of anti-VEGF, kinase inhibitors, or gene delivery to silence VEGF for treating diabetic retinopathy | [63] |