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Fig. 4 | Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Fig. 4

From: Density of surface charge is a more predictive factor of the toxicity of cationic carbon nanoparticles than zeta potential

Fig. 4

Cellular responses evoked by the NPs in THP-1 cells. Cells were exposed or not (CTL) to the NPs (100 µg/mL) for 4 h (a and b) or 24 h (b and d) and oxidative stress (a, reduced glutathione), inflammation (b, IL-8 secretion), mitochondrial perturbation (c, mitochondrial membrane perturbation–MMP) and lysosomal integrity (d, neutral red assay) were measured as described in Methods section. Data are means ± SEM of n = 3–6 experiments. They are expressed as percentage of controls (c and d) or absolute values (a and b). Statistical differences when compared to controls (CTL) were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett’s test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 ; ***p < 0.001

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