Table 2 Angiogenic ions incorporated in BG-NPs [127, 132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141]
From: Nanocomposite scaffolds for accelerating chronic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis
Angiogenic Element | BG Type | In vitro (cell type)/in vivo (animal model) | Results | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium silicate | 45S5 BG | In vitro (HUVECs) | Increased expression of VEGF, bFGF, KDR, bFGFR and NOS3 genes in HUVECs | [132] |
Boron | 45S5 BG | In vivo (CAM of quail embryos) | Increased expression of integrin αvβ3, Increased number of blood vessels | [133] |
Copper | Borate BG | In vitro (hBMSCs)/in vivo (rat with calvarial defects) | Increased in vitro proliferation of hBMSCs, Formation of new blood vessels was confirmed by IHC staining for CD31 | [134] |
Cobalt and Strontium | 45S5 BG | In vitro (HUCPVCs)/in vivo (defect in the distal femur of rabbit animal model) | Increased expression level of VEGF gene in the HUCPVCs, formation of new blood vessels was confirmed by IHC staining for VEGF protein | [135] |
Silicon | S53P4 BG | In vitro (Human CD‐18CO fibroblasts) | Increased proliferation of fibroblast cells, Increased secretion of VEGF, stimulation of neovascularization | [136] |
Magnesium | Silicate BG | In vitro (HAECs)/in vivo (rabbit bone defect) | Increased proliferation of HAECs, HAECs alignment and exhibition of branch nodes that is a phenomenon of the primary stage of angiogenesis, Increased NOS3 gene expression, Promoted angiogenesis in the defect area | [137] |
Europium | Mesoporous BG 45S5 | In vitro (HUVECs)/in vivo (Mice with full-thickness wound) | Upregulated angiogenesis-related genes (MMP9, VEGFR1/2, CD31 and PDGFR α/β) of HUVECs, blood vessel formation, collagen deposition and re-epithelialization at chronic skin wound sites | [138] |
Niobium | 45S5 BG | In vitro (ST-2 bone marrow stromal cells) | Improved proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells, significant increase in VEGF release | [139] |
Strontium | Borate BG | In vitro (hBMSCs)/in vivo (Critical-sized rabbit femoral condyle defect model) | Increased proliferation of hBMSCs, Upregulated expression of genes associated with angiogenesis and osteogenesis, such as VEGF, RUNX2, BMP-2, and osteopontin | [140] |
Strontium and Copper | 45S5 BG | In vitro (hBMSCs, HUVECS) | Differentiation of hBMSCs to vascular endothelial cells, formation of tubular and nodal networks of HUVECs | [127] |