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Table 1 Free amino acids analysis treated with CNPs in BY-2 cells

From: Carbon nanoparticles enhance potassium uptake via upregulating potassium channel expression and imitating biological ion channels in BY-2 cells

Retention time

Amino acid

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1

2

3

4

5

μM/g

22.332

l-Aspartic acid↑↓

0.267 ± 0.026 c

0.399 ± 0.076 c

0.584 ± 0.020 b

0.762 ± 0.220 a

0.701 ± 0.136 a

0.542 ± 0.150 b

25.499

Hydroxy-l-proline

2.240 ± 0.395 b

1.904 ± 0.446 c

2.646 ± 0.209 a

1.450 ± 0.587 d

2.559 ± 0.558 a

1.787 ± 0.101 c

29.211

l-Threonine↑↓

0.869 ± 0.047 d

1.075 ± 0.056 d

1.334 ± 0.091 c

1.750 ± 0.205 b

1.993 ± 0.328 a

1.412 ± 0.078 c

31.352

l-Serine↑↓

1.917 ± 0.034 d

1.919 ± 0.242 d

2.473 ± 0.163 c

3.013 ± 0.235 a

2.742 ± 0.714 b

2.070 ± 0.266 e

36.416

l-Asparagine

1.204 ± 0.097 c

1.313 ± 0.137 c

1.830 ± 0.126 b

2.125 ± 0.066 a

1.897 ± 0.431 b

1.917 ± 0.880 b

38.967

l-Glutamic acid

0.217 ± 0.070 c

0.130 ± 0.042 d

0.161 ± 0.024 d

0.439 ± 0.242 b

0.535 ± 0.040 a

0.247 ± 0.129 c

41.108

Glutamine

1.076 ± 0.137 c

0.983 ± 0.293 c

1.373 ± 0.032 b

1.757 ± 0.206 a

1.174 ± 0.409 c

1.746 ± 0.147 a

50.115

l-Proline↑↓

0.360 ± 0.054 e

0.603 ± 0.56 d

1.099 ± 0.115 c

1.612 ± 0.195 a

1.740 ± 0.341 a

1.408 ± 0.268 b

51.567

Glycine↑↓

1.345 ± 0.183 c

1.304 ± 0.217 c

1.690 ± 0.208 b

2.186 ± 0.213 a

2.210 ± 0.416 a

1.651 ± 0.070 b

53.265

l-Alanine

12.522 ± 1.002 a

11.686 ± 1.326 b

11.296 ± 0.313 b

12.703 ± 0.721 a

9.966 ± 1.176 c

6.456 ± 0.258 d

60.425

l-Valine

2.128 ± 0.098 c

2.280 ± 0.249 c

2.850 ± 0.124 b

3.494 ± 0.182a

3.629 ± 0.661 a

2.341 ± 0.313 c

68.309

L-Methionine↑↓

0.326 ± 0.075 e

0.496 ± 0.050 e

0.664 ± 0.021 d

0.767 ± 0.048 b

0.802 ± 0.206 a

0.710 ± 0.192 c

70.909

Cystathionine↑↓

0.904 ± 0.056 f

1.284 ± 0.050 e

1.663 ± 0.114 d

2.362 ± 0.364 b

2.697 ± 0.513 a

1.882 ± 0.085 c

72.709

l-Isoleucine↑↓

2.134 ± 0.083 e

2.625 ± 0.096 d

3.486 ± 0.214 b

3.954 ± 0.236 a

4.152 ± 0.862 a

3.185 ± 0.345 c

73.825

l-Leucine

0.126 ± 0.076 a

0.128 ± 0.049 a

0.130 ± 0.022 a

0.074 ± 0.012 c

0.062 ± 0.014 c

0.096 ± 0.003 b

77.824

N-Leucine↑↓

0.462 ± 0.057 e

0.565 ± 0.009 d

0.664 ± 0.065 c

0.731 ± 0.031 b

0.848 ± 0.145 a

0.679 ± 0.137 c

79.939

l-Tyrosine↓

0.552 ± 0.165 a

0.498 ± 0.168 b

0.514 ± 0.045 b

0.331 ± 0.007 c

0.342 ± 0.110 c

0.300 ± 0.111 c

82.163

β-Alanine↑↓

0.694 ± 0.047 e

0.932 ± 0.070 d

1.297 ± 0.101 c

1.384 ± 0.094 b

1.560 ± 0.221 a

1.236 ± 0.246 c

92.164

γ-Amino-n-butyric acid

8.992 ± 0.111 d

8.365 ± 1.015 e

9.282 ± 0.472 c

10.189 ± 0.539 b

11.736 ± 0.282 a

5.954 ± 0.238 f

104.221

l-Lysine

0.842 ± 0.049 e

1.193 ± 0.170 d

1.774 ± 0.193 b

1.563 ± 0.850 c

1.253 ± 0.136 d

2.381 ± 0.208 a

106.940

1-Methyl-l-histidine

0.129 ± 0.023 c

0.150 ± 0.046 b

0.159 ± 0.025 b

0.193 ± 0.034 a

0.062 ± 0.008 d

0.096 ± 0.057 d

108.484

l-Histidine↑↓

0.297 ± 0.020 e

0.385 ± 0.038 d

0.541 ± 0.028 c

0.660 ± 0.036 b

0.731 ± 0.121 a

0.511 ± 0.007 c

112.169

3-Methyl-l-histidine

0.126 ± 0.011 d

0.157 ± 0.038 c

0.257 ± 0.023 b

0.163 ± 0.011 c

0.338 ± 0.062 a

0.229 ± 0.014 b

117.503

l-Carnosine

0.144 ± 0.025 b

0.189 ± 0.043 a

0.145 ± 0.096 b

0.133 ± 0.005 b

0.152 ± 0.042 b

0.103 ± 0.022 c

122.311

l-Arginine↑↓

0.737 ± 0.058 d

1.082 ± 0.178 c

1.545 ± 0.114 b

1.693 ± 0.073 a

1.794 ± 0.390 a

1.539 ± 0.371 b

  1. 1:treated with 46.88 mM K+
  2. 2:treated with 46.88 mM K+  + 6.25 μg/mL CNPs
  3. 3:treated with 46.88 mM K+  + 31.25 μg/mL CNPs
  4. 4:treated with 46.88 mM K+  + 62.50 μg/mL CNPs
  5. 5:treated with46.88 mM K+  + 125.00 μg/mL CNPs
  6. ↑↓Arrows indicated the content of amino acid increased with the concentration of CNPs, and decreased at concentration of 125.00 μg/mL
  7. The letters “a–e” represent significant difference between groups
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