Table 1 Summary of conclusions when comparing data generated in in vitro monocultures and co-culture models
Cytotoxicity | Genotoxicity | (Pro)-inflammatory response | Mitochondrial stress | Uptake | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monocultured TT1 | Significant (p < 0.05) effect observed with all ENMs, earliest significant response observed at 8 µg/ml (Amine-FLG and carboxyl-FLG, CB, neutral-FLG) | Significant (p < 0.05) effect observed with all ENMs, earliest significant response observed at 8 µg/ml (Amine-FLG, carboxyl-FLG, CB, neutral-FLG) | Significant (p < 0.05) effect observed with IL-6 & IL-8 with all ENMs, earliest significant response observed at 8 µg/ml (IL-6), 10 µg/ml (IL-8) | Non-significant (p > 0.05) effect observed | Uptake observed with each test ENM |
Monocultured d.THP-1 | Significant (p < 0.05) effect observed with FLG materials, earliest significant response observed at 10 µg/ml (Carboxyl-FLG, neutral-FLG, amine-FLG) | N/A | Significant (p < 0.05) effect observed with IL-8 with all ENMs, earliest significant response observed at 50 µg/ml | N/A | N/A |
Co-cultured TT1/d.THP-1 | Non-significant (p > 0.05) effect observed | Significant (p < 0.05) effect observed without NAC with all ENMs, earliest significant response observed at 10 µg/ml Non-significant (p > 0.05) effect observed with NAC with all ENMs | N/A | N/A | N/A |