Fig. 1

Synthesis and characterization of the anti-inflammatory peptide–GNP hybrid P12. a A diagram of the P12 synthesis process. b The TEM image of P12. c The hydrodynamic size of P12 measured by DLS. d The stability of P12 in various concentrations of NaCl (0–1 M) with representative photographs (at 150 mM NaCl) on the right. e The optical microscopic image of BMDMs treated with LPS and P12 (× 400). f, g The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (f) and MCP-1 (g) in BMDMs stimulated with LPS (10 ng/mL) for 24 h in the presence and absence of P12 treatment. P12 = 100 nM; ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001