Fig. 4

ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assessment. a FCM results of ROS generation assay in different solutions with/without SDT. b The production of singlet oxygen was detected in various components by DMA after SDT treatment. c and d ROS production was observed using 2’-7’dichlorofluorescin diacetate as a probe by CLSM under (c) different concentrations of C-NPs (containing 1, 2.5 or 5 µg/mL Rh) at 12 h or (d) at different incubation times with fixed concentration of C-NPs (5 µg/mL Rh). Scale bar denotes 50 µm. e MMP measurement result using JC-1 cationic carbocyanine dye as the probe. The Y-axis represents the cells with normal MMP (red fluorescence) transferred towards the X-axis when the MMP decreased (green fluorescence)