Sensor type | Target | Analytical method | Detection range | Limit of detection | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Femto- sensors | Magnetic nitrogen-doped graphene (MNG) immobilized with Aβ antibody (MNG-Aβab) on Au electrode | Aβ42 | Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential potential voltammetry (DPV) | 5000 fg/mL- 800 pg/mL | 5000 fg/mL | [132] |
Ru(bpy)32+/Zinc oxalate metal-organic framework (MOF) | Aβ | Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) | 100 fg/mL–50 ng/mL | 13.8 fg/mL | [133] | |
Cellular prion protein (PrPc) with a layer of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) embedded AuNPs | AβO | EIS | 0.1 fM–104 nM | 0.1 fM | [134] | |
Nano- sensors | Raman dye-coated polyA aptamer-AuNPs (PAapt-AuNPs) | Aβ42 and Tau | Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) | 1 × 10− 1–1 × 104 nM | 3.7 × 10− 2 nM and 4.2 × 10− 4 pM | [135] |
Anti-Tau modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with graphene oxide (GO) and amine functionalized trimethylolpropane tris poly(propylleneglycol) (pPG) | Tau | DPV and EIS | 0.5–15.1 nM | 0.15 nM | [136] | |
2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-polydiallylmethylammonium chloride (ABTS-PDDA) bi-functionalized with SWCNTs loaded with neurokinin B | Aβ42 | DPV | 1 ng-0.38 µg/mL | 0.5 ng/mL | [137] | |
AuNPs deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method | Aβ42 | Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) | - | 0.001 ng/mL | [138] | |
Au disc coated with polypyrrol-2-COOH film immobilized NH2-terminated PrPc | AβO | EIS | 10− 7–0 nM | 10− 7 nM | [139] | |
Graphene oxide-based platform immobilized with AβO antibody | AβO | Fluorescence | 10 nM–2 µM | 1 nM | [140] | |
Micro-sensors | Tau protein-based Au disk electrode | Tau441 | CV and EIS | 0.1–1.0 µM | 0.2 µM | [141] |
AD7c-NTP antibodies immobilized sandwich immunoassay | AD7c-NTP | ELISA | - | 0.0092 µg/mL | [142] | |
96 well microtiter plates coated with monoclonal antibody (N3I4) | AD7c-NPT | ELISA | 3 × 10− 5-5 × 10− 5 µg/mL | 0.002 µg/mL | [143] | |
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-based enzyme-modified field-effect transistor (RGO-EnFET) | Acetylcholine (ACh) | Electrical conductance measurement | 1 µM–10 mM | 1 µM | [144] |