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Table 1 Analytical performances of CSF-based biosensors

From: Advances in the development paradigm of biosample‐based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer’s disease

Sensor type

Target

Analytical method

Detection range

Limit of detection

Refs.

Femto- sensors

Magnetic nitrogen-doped graphene (MNG) immobilized with Aβ antibody (MNG-Aβab) on Au electrode

Aβ42

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential potential voltammetry (DPV)

5000 fg/mL-

800 pg/mL

5000 fg/mL

[132]

Ru(bpy)32+/Zinc oxalate metal-organic framework (MOF)

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

100 fg/mL–50 ng/mL

13.8 fg/mL

[133]

Cellular prion protein (PrPc) with a layer of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) embedded AuNPs

AβO

EIS

0.1 fM–104 nM

0.1 fM

[134]

Nano-

sensors

Raman dye-coated polyA aptamer-AuNPs (PAapt-AuNPs)

Aβ42 and

Tau

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering

(SERS)

1 × 10− 1–1 × 104 nM

3.7 × 10− 2 nM

and

4.2 × 10− 4 pM

[135]

Anti-Tau modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with graphene oxide (GO) and amine functionalized trimethylolpropane tris poly(propylleneglycol) (pPG)

Tau

DPV and

EIS

0.5–15.1 nM

0.15 nM

[136]

2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid-polydiallylmethylammonium chloride (ABTS-PDDA) bi-functionalized with SWCNTs loaded with neurokinin B

Aβ42

DPV

1 ng-0.38 µg/mL

0.5 ng/mL

[137]

AuNPs deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method

Aβ42

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)

-

0.001 ng/mL

[138]

Au disc coated with polypyrrol-2-COOH film immobilized NH2-terminated PrPc

AβO

EIS

10− 7–0 nM

10− 7 nM

[139]

Graphene oxide-based platform immobilized with AβO antibody

AβO

Fluorescence

10 nM–2 µM

1 nM

[140]

Micro-sensors

Tau protein-based Au disk electrode

Tau441

CV and

EIS

0.1–1.0 µM

0.2 µM

[141]

AD7c-NTP antibodies immobilized sandwich immunoassay

AD7c-NTP

ELISA

-

0.0092 µg/mL

[142]

96 well microtiter plates coated with monoclonal antibody (N3I4)

AD7c-NPT

ELISA

3 × 10− 5-5 × 10− 5 µg/mL

0.002 µg/mL

[143]

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-based enzyme-modified field-effect transistor (RGO-EnFET)

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Electrical conductance measurement

1 µM–10 mM

1 µM

[144]