Sensor type | Target | Analytical method | Detection range | Limit of detection | Refs. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Femto- sensors | Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) and AuNWs modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) | microRNA137 | Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) | 5.0–750.0 fM | 1.7 fM | [33] |
Densely aligned CNTs on Si wafer | t-Tau P-tau181 Aβ40 and Aβ42 | Electrochemical resistance measurement | 10–106 fM | 2.45 fM 2.72 fM 2.2 fM and 2.13 fM | [146] | |
Antibody immobilized 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and thiol modified polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) on AuNPs screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) | Aβ42 | Deferential potential voltammetry (DPV) | 100 fM–25 pM | 100 fM | [147] | |
Hybrid graphene coated with HS-PEG modified by antibody | Aβ and Tau | Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) | – | 100 fg/mL | [148] | |
Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel with Ti sputtered over Pt electrode on Si-wafer | Aβ | EIS | 1 ng/mL − 100 fg/mL | 100 fg/mL | [149] | |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and reduced graphene oxide-chitosan (RGO-CS) modified with AuNPs | t-Tau441 | DPV | 0.5–80 fM | 0.46 fM | [150] | |
Iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) conjugated Mo-doped BiVO4 modified by tau antibody | Tau | EIS | – | 1.59 fM | [151] | |
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and AuNP bilayer electrode | ADAM10 | CV | 5.6-1388.9 fg/mL | 0.35 fg/mL | [152] | |
DNAaptamer/antibody sandwich assay | Tau381 | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | 2–80 pM | 10 fM | [153] | |
Gold-nanochip with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) monolayer coupled with tau antibody and antiAAT | Tau381 | SPR | – | ~ 39 fM | [154] | |
Ceria doped ZnO NFs-based sensor | Aβ | ECL | 80 fg/mL–100 ng/mL | 52 fg/mL | [155] | |
Aptamer-antibody sandwich assay with cysteamine-stabilized AuNPs | Tau381 | DPV | 500 − 104 fM | 420 fM | [156] | |
Anti-tau functionalized hybrid magnetic NPs (MNP) with AuNPs | Tau | SERS | 25 fM–500 nM | 5 fM | [157] | |
A shape code type AuNPs immobilized with antibody | Aβ40, Aβ42, and tau protein | localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) | 1 × 101 – 1 × 108 fM | 34.9 fM, 26 fM, and 23.6 fM | [158] | |
AuNPs-based biochip conjugated with Aβantibody | Aβ42 | SPR | 1 µg/mL–10 fg/mL | 10 fg/mL | [159] | |
Four-electrode electrochemical biosensor with antibody-antigen complexes on Au electrode coated with protein G | 2N4R tau protein | CV and EIS | 10− 4–10 nM | 30 fM | [160] | |
Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and glutaraldehyde (GA) conjugated with AuNPs | ApoE | SPR | 1.0 pg/mL-10 ng/mL | 420 fg/mL | [161] | |
Ion concentration polarization-interdigitated microelectrode (ICP-IME)-based microfluidic chip | Aβ-peptide | Impedance measurement | 1 ng/mL-1 pg/mL | 8.15 fM | [162] | |
A nanoplasmonic biosensor of Au nanorods with chaotic agent for the ultrasensitive detection of AD biomarkers | Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) | 102–108 fM | 10 fM | [163] | ||
Photolithographically patterned electrodes with amino groups for reduced graphene oxide-based field effect transistor (RGO-FET) | Aβ | EIS | 1 fM-100 pM | 1 fM | [164] | |
Nano-sensors | Disposable label-free screen printed chip with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and AuNPs | Aβ42 | EIS | 2.04 µM-2.65 nM | 0.57 nM | [11] |
CdSe@ZnS quantum dots (QDs) labeled on polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate (PDMS-PC) microfluidic chip with integrated screen printed electrode (SPE) | ApoE | Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) | 10–200 ng/mL | 12.5 ng/mL | [165] | |
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) integrated onto hydroxyapatite (HAP) probe with molybdate as signal amplifier | BACE1 | CV and Square wave voltammograms (SWVs) | 5-150 nM | 10 nM | [166] | |
Micro- sensors | Streptavidin interface probe sensor | Tau441 | Optical Biotinylated interferometry (BLI) | 2–55 nM | 6.7 nM | [167] |
Fern leaves-like gold nanostructure, modified into RNA aptamer sensor | Aβ | DPV | 0.002–1.28 ng/mL | 0.4 pg/mL | [168] | |
AuNPs coated with N-and C-terminal of dual antibody AuNPs@C/N-Ab(1–42) | Aβ42 | Colorimetry | 7.5–350 nM | 2.3 nM | [169] | |
Gold-nanochip with monolayer of 11- mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) coupled with antiAAT for the detection of Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) | Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) | SPR | ~ 10–200 nM | ~ 65 µM | [154] | |
Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and thiol group over Au sputtered on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with Aβab | Aβ42 | DPV | 0.0675-0.5 µg/mL | - | [170] | |
Label-free antibody modified Au electrode | Aβ1–16 | Total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) | 0.5 × 10− 4 g/mL-5 µg/mL | 0.5 × 10− 4 µg/mL | [171] | |
Anti-tau antibodies coated on polycrystalline Au surface | Tau441 | CV and EIS | 1-100 µg/mL | 10 µg/mL | [172] |