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Table 2 Analytical performances of blood-based biosensors

From: Advances in the development paradigm of biosample‐based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer’s disease

Sensor type

Target

Analytical method

Detection range

Limit of detection

Refs.

Femto- sensors

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) and AuNWs modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE)

microRNA137

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

5.0–750.0 fM

1.7 fM

[33]

 

Densely aligned CNTs on Si wafer

t-Tau

P-tau181

Aβ40

and

Aβ42

Electrochemical resistance measurement

10–106 fM

2.45 fM

2.72 fM

2.2 fM

and

2.13 fM

[146]

 

Antibody immobilized 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and thiol modified polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) on AuNPs screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE)

Aβ42

Deferential potential voltammetry (DPV)

100 fM–25 pM

100 fM

[147]

 

Hybrid graphene coated with HS-PEG modified by antibody

and

Tau

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

(SERS)

100 fg/mL

[148]

 

Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel with Ti sputtered over Pt electrode on Si-wafer

EIS

1 ng/mL − 100 fg/mL

100 fg/mL

[149]

 

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and reduced graphene oxide-chitosan (RGO-CS) modified with AuNPs

t-Tau441

DPV

0.5–80 fM

0.46 fM

[150]

 

Iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) conjugated Mo-doped BiVO4 modified by tau antibody

Tau

EIS

1.59 fM

[151]

 

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and AuNP

bilayer electrode

ADAM10

CV

5.6-1388.9 fg/mL

0.35 fg/mL

[152]

 

DNAaptamer/antibody sandwich assay

Tau381

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)

2–80 pM

10 fM

[153]

 

Gold-nanochip with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) monolayer coupled with tau antibody and antiAAT

Tau381

SPR

~ 39 fM

[154]

 

Ceria doped ZnO NFs-based sensor

ECL

80 fg/mL–100 ng/mL

52 fg/mL

[155]

 

Aptamer-antibody sandwich assay with cysteamine-stabilized AuNPs

Tau381

DPV

500 − 104 fM

420 fM

[156]

 

Anti-tau functionalized hybrid magnetic NPs (MNP) with AuNPs

Tau

SERS

25 fM–500 nM

5 fM

[157]

 

A shape code type AuNPs immobilized with antibody

Aβ40, Aβ42, and tau protein

localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)

1 × 101 – 1 × 108 fM

34.9 fM, 26 fM, and 23.6 fM

[158]

 

AuNPs-based biochip conjugated with Aβantibody

Aβ42

SPR

1 µg/mL–10 fg/mL

10 fg/mL

[159]

 

Four-electrode electrochemical biosensor with antibody-antigen complexes on Au electrode coated with protein G

2N4R tau protein

CV and EIS

10− 4–10 nM

30 fM

[160]

 

Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and glutaraldehyde (GA) conjugated with AuNPs

ApoE

SPR

1.0 pg/mL-10 ng/mL

420 fg/mL

[161]

 

Ion concentration polarization-interdigitated microelectrode (ICP-IME)-based microfluidic chip

Aβ-peptide

Impedance measurement

1 ng/mL-1 pg/mL

8.15 fM

[162]

 

A nanoplasmonic biosensor of Au nanorods with chaotic agent for the ultrasensitive detection of AD biomarkers

 

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)

102–108 fM

10 fM

[163]

 

Photolithographically patterned electrodes with amino groups for reduced graphene oxide-based field effect transistor (RGO-FET)

EIS

1 fM-100 pM

1 fM

[164]

Nano-sensors

Disposable label-free screen printed chip with self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and AuNPs

Aβ42

EIS

2.04 µM-2.65 nM

0.57 nM

[11]

CdSe@ZnS quantum dots (QDs) labeled on polydimethylsiloxane-polycarbonate (PDMS-PC) microfluidic chip with integrated screen printed electrode (SPE)

ApoE

Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV)

10–200 ng/mL

12.5 ng/mL

[165]

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) integrated onto hydroxyapatite (HAP) probe with molybdate as signal amplifier

BACE1

CV and Square wave voltammograms (SWVs)

5-150 nM

10 nM

[166]

Micro- sensors

Streptavidin interface probe sensor

Tau441

Optical Biotinylated interferometry (BLI)

2–55 nM

6.7 nM

[167]

Fern leaves-like gold nanostructure, modified into RNA aptamer sensor

DPV

0.002–1.28 ng/mL

0.4 pg/mL

[168]

AuNPs coated with N-and C-terminal of dual antibody AuNPs@C/N-Ab(1–42)

Aβ42

Colorimetry

7.5–350 nM

2.3 nM

[169]

Gold-nanochip with monolayer of 11- mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) coupled with antiAAT for the detection of Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)

SPR

~ 10–200 nM

~ 65 µM

[154]

Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and thiol group over Au sputtered on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with Aβab

Aβ42

DPV

0.0675-0.5 µg/mL

-

[170]

Label-free antibody modified Au electrode

Aβ1–16

Total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE)

0.5 × 10− 4 g/mL-5 µg/mL

0.5 × 10− 4 µg/mL

[171]

Anti-tau antibodies coated on polycrystalline Au surface

Tau441

CV and EIS

1-100 µg/mL

10 µg/mL

[172]