Fig. 4

a Schematic of the black phosphorus exfoliation procedure. Snapshot of the electrochemical setup with BP flake anode and Pt foil cathode separated in acidic solution (0.5 M H₂SO₄) by a fixed distance of 2 cm at b no potential applied, c after 20 min applying a voltage of + 3 V and d after 2 h process. A-D Reprinted with permission [65], Copyright 2017 Wiley. e Low-Potential Electrochemical Exfoliation. Scheme. Low-potential electrochemical exfoliation of native As toward (mono)few-layer arsenene: (blue dots) cations (NH4+); (red dots) anions (PF6−). Reprinted with permission [66], Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry. f General scheme for the electrochemical exfoliation of layered Sb crystals into 2D sheets. Reprinted with permission [67], Copyright 2020 Wiley