Fig. 3

The cell adhesion, morphology, and proliferation of hBMSCs on the titanium surface of each group. SEM images of BMSCs on the SLM group at 10,000× magnification (a), SLA group at 10,000× magnification (b), SAH group at 10,000× magnification (c), and SAO group at 10,000× magnification (d). Cell proliferation evaluation of hBMSCs on the titanium surface of each group after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days by CCK-8 (e) (n = 3). a–d above each bar indicate significant difference compared to SLM, SLA, SAH, SAO respectively (p < 0.05).