Fig. 8

Effects of titanium topography on exosome secretion and osseointegration in vivo. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the bone-implant interface on the 7th day after surgery (a). The immunohistochemical assay results and the mean optical density (MOD) evaluation to show the expression levels of CD63 (a marker for exosomes) (b, c), periostin (a marker for mesenchymal stem cells) (d, e) and CD11b (a marker for tissue macrophages) (f, g) on the 7th day after surgery (n = 4). Histological analysis of the bone-implant contact (BIC) ratio (h, i) on the 28th day after surgery (n = 4). (a, b, d and f, scale bar = 200 μm; h, scale bar = 500 μm). a–d above each bar indicate significant difference compared to SLM, SLA, SAH, SAO respectively (p < 0.05)