Fig. 3

Nanoelectrodes based on direct electrical contact with the cytoplasm and their recording capabilities. a Schematic diagram of the free-standing solid-conductor intracellular nanoelectrode, adapted from ref. [1]. b Spontaneous action potential recordings by a whole-cell patch-clamp micropipette and a nanoelectrode, reproduced from ref. [1] The action potentials recorded by the nanoelectrode (red arrow) is similar to that recorded by the whole-cell patch-clamp. c Schematic diagram of the vertical nanowire electrode array, adapted from ref. [12]. d An intracellular-like spike recorded by nanoelectrode array platform after optoporation, reproduced from ref.[49]