Fig. 5

Intracellular-like extracellular recording electrodes. a Schematic diagram of the micro-mushroom-shaped electrodes, adapted from ref. [46]. b The simultaneous recordings of action potentials from a single Aplysia neuron by the micro-mushroom-shaped electrode and an intracellular sharp electrode, reproduced from ref.[32] The consequence showed identical firing patterns. c Nanovolcano-shaped electrode, reproduced from ref. [17]. d The action potential signals recorded by a nano-volcano electrode from a rat cardiomyocyte with a typical intracellular shape, reproduced from ref. [17]